Lesson 6 Objectives Describe the British policies that some American colonists believed violated basic principles of constitutional government and their rights as Englishmen. Explain why Americans resisted those policies and how that resistance led to the Declaration of Independence. Evaluate the arguments that the colonists made to justify separation from Great Britain. Evaluate, take, and defend positions on  Violations of colonists’ rights before the Revolution.  Important questions about the meaning and implications of the Declaration of Independence.

Lesson 6 Purpose The growth of the American colonies raised issues with Great Britain that were difficult to resolve peacefully. This lesson describes the circumstances that produced the Declaration of Independence and the major ideas about government and natural rights included in that document.

Lesson 6 Terms & Concepts Compact  A formal contract or agreement between or among two or more parties or states. (ex. The Mayflower Compact of 1620) Law of Nature  In natural rights philosophy, moral rules found out by correctly applied reason or right reason, telling persons what they may and may not do in various circumstances. In philosophy, laws of nature have often referred to the rules that would prevail in the absence of man–made law. Natural law is conceived to contain standards of justice that apply to all people. Sovereignty  The ultimate, supreme power in a state. Democratic theory states that the people as a whole are sovereign; the citizens of the United States constitute the sovereign people. Writ of Assistance  A document giving a governmental authority the power to search and seize property without restrictions. Abolished in American law, the use of such writs by the British government was a major issue during some phases of the American Revolution.

A Change in British Policy Generations of colonists had little interference from British government in their affairs. However, in 1763  Britain wants colonists to help pay for war w/ French (7 Years War, )  Proclamation Act ‘63– Bans colonial settlements west of Appalachians  Stamp Act ’65 – New taxes on colonists to raise revenue  Quartering Act ‘65 – Required colonists to shelter British troops in their homes

Colonial Resistance New restrictions & taxes caused some economic hardship & challenged colonists’ understanding of representative government. “No taxation w/o representation.” Sons of Liberty help organize popular resistance.  Rarely used violence, but political agitation precipitated crowd action.

Colonial Resistance (Continued) ’66 – Parliament repeals Stamp Act, but passes Declaratory Act, which asserts Britain's full power & authority over colonies. Parliament offers Writs of Assistance to officials to search & seize colonial property. ‘70 – Clash between British Troops and colonists, 5 colonists killed (Boston Massacre) ’73 – Colonists protest Tea Act by dumping 45 tons of tea into Harbor (Boston Tea Party) British Respond with “Intolerable Acts”  Closed Boston Harbor, more power to Royal Governors, limited town meetings, authorized British troops to occupy the colony…

Organized Resistance ‘74 – Colonial representatives meet in Philadelphia, vote to ban trade w/ Britain (1 st Continental Congress) Radical colonists plan to overthrow gov’t since it no longer protected colonists’ rights. (Minutemen) ‘75 – British march to Concord, MA to seize hidden arms & ammunition & arrest Patriot leaders Revere rides through countryside warning that … “Shot heard round the world…”  (REVOLUTION BEGINS!)

Purpose of the Declaration Continental Congress appoints committee to prepare a declaration of independence from Britain Jefferson’s draft rejects the British government’s sovereignty over the colonies The founders knew it was important to justify this action to other nations and to identify the basic principles of a legitimate government

The Declaration’s Main Arguments & Ideas The Declaration renounces the monarchy itself and appeals to natural rights common to all Also asserts ideal of popular sovereignty Natural Rights  Constitutions & governments cannot violate them  Social contract Human Equality  Humans are politically equal, neither God nor nature appointed some at birth to rule over others Government by Consent  People give consent to gov’t if they protect natural rights

The Declaration’s Main Arguments & Ideas “A Long Train of Abuses”  Destroying colonial legislatures  Limiting role of colonial judges  Keeping standing British armies in peacetime  Quartering soldiers among civilian population  Imposing taxes without colonial consent  Depriving colonists trial by jury  Changing constitutions of colonial government Right of Revolution  If British government has become corrupt and fails to perform its proper duties, colonist have right to establish their own free and independent nation

Lesson 7 Purpose After declaring Independence, the Founders designed new state government to protect individual rights and promote the common good This lesson shows how the Constitution of Massachusetts in particular was designed to achieve these ends. It also shows how State constitutions served as a model and had great influence on the development of the U.S. Bill of Rights.

Lesson 7 Terms & Concepts Checks & Balances  In American constitutional thought, distributing and balancing the powers of government among different branches so that no one branch or individual can completely dominate the others. Legislative Supremacy  A system of government in which the legislative branch has ultimate power. Parliamentary government is such a system. Veto  The right of a branch of government to reject a proposed law that has been passed by another branch in an effort to delay or prevent its enactment. Under the U.S. Constitution, it is the power of the president to refuse to sign a bill passed by Congress, thereby preventing it from becoming a law

Lesson 7 Objectives Explain the basic ideas about government and rights that are included in state constitutions. Explain how the experiences of the states in developing their constitutions and bill of rights influenced the framing of the US Constitution and Bill of Rights. Evaluate, take, and defend positions on  The theory of legislative supremacy.  The importance of the Virginian Declaration of Rights, and the role of declaration of rights in early state constitutions.

The Colonies’ Status Following the Declaration States were not yet a “country,” only united by fight against Great Britain Between ‘76 – ’80, each stated adopted a new constitution  All based upon natural rights, rule of law, republicanism, and constitutional gov’t

Basic Ideas of State Constitutions Higher Law and Natural Rights  Constitutions limit governmental power  Purpose of gov’t is to protect natural rights Social Contract  Each constitution created through an agreement w/ the people Popular Sovereignty  Ultimate governing authority rests with the people Representative Government  All legislature composed of representative elected by voters

Basic Ideas of State Constitutions Legislative Supremacy  Legislatures (makes laws) most powerful branch  Leg. Most capable of reflecting will of the people  Executive (enforces laws) is less accountable to people and should not be trusted with too much power  Judiciary (judges) should not be trusted w/ too much power either Checks & Balances  Parts of each legislature checked (limited) power of other  Usually done through multiple houses (House of Reps & Senate)

How Did Massachusetts Differ? Most like the future US Constitution Strong Executive  Governor popularly elected  Governor’s salary was fixed (could not be changed by Leg.)  Governor could revise laws, appoint Leg. officials and judges Representation of Various Economic Classes (Classical Republicanism)  Large Property Owners = Can elect governor (Executive)  Mid-level “ “ = Can elect upper house members (Legislative)  Low-level “ “ = Can elect lower “ “ “ “ “ “

The Virginia Declaration of Rights Listed specific rights of the people, including:  Freedom of the press  Rights of criminal defendants  Gov’t cannot deprive natural rights  All power is derived & kept by the people  Gov’t is instituted for common benefit, protections, and security. If not, it can be abolished. (Class. Repub., Social Contract)  Freedom of religion