AP U.S. History Unit 1 Part

The Age of Discovery Portugal 1450’s Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal 1450’s Prince Henry the Navigator Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of Good Hope Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of Good Hope De Gama 1498 and India De Gama 1498 and India Cabral and Brazil (1500) Cabral and Brazil (1500) Africa Africa Gold Gold Slaves Slaves

Amerigo Vespucci Claimed to be the first to Brazil (1501) Claimed to be the first to Brazil (1501) So a German Map-maker called the New World America So a German Map-maker called the New World America

Portugal Portugal had trading stations in Africa, India, China and the East Indies Portugal had trading stations in Africa, India, China and the East Indies

Spain Columbus Italian Columbus Italian “Indians” “Indians” The Conquistadors: Cortez and Pizarro The Conquistadors: Cortez and Pizarro The Missionaries: Las Casas The Missionaries: Las Casas Slavery Slavery New Spain New Spain St. Augustine, Fla St. Augustine, Fla. 1565

The Treaty of Tordesilles 1494 In an effort to prevent the two Catholic countries, Spain and Portugal from going to war over the New World, the Pope drew a boundary line (which was later adjusted to accommodate Portugal’s claim to Brazil) In an effort to prevent the two Catholic countries, Spain and Portugal from going to war over the New World, the Pope drew a boundary line (which was later adjusted to accommodate Portugal’s claim to Brazil) Portugal maintained control of the W. African slave trade …The Asiento Portugal maintained control of the W. African slave trade …The Asiento

Other Spanish Explorers 1513 Balboa The first European to see the Pacific from the New World 1513 Balboa The first European to see the Pacific from the New World 1519 Magellan The first European to circumnavigate the globe 1519 Magellan The first European to circumnavigate the globe 1513 Ponce de Leon Discovered Florida while searching for the fountain of youth 1513 Ponce de Leon Discovered Florida while searching for the fountain of youth

More Spanish Explorers Coronado sought “Golden Cities” in the American Southwest Coronado sought “Golden Cities” in the American Southwest Cabrillo sailed as far north to Oregon (justified Spain’s claims here to 1819) Cabrillo sailed as far north to Oregon (justified Spain’s claims here to 1819) Spain will not realize true wealth from exploration until after 1540 Spain will not realize true wealth from exploration until after 1540

The Conquistadores de Soto sought gold in the American Southeast and crossed the Mississippi. Brutalized the Natives. (1530’s, 40’s) de Soto sought gold in the American Southeast and crossed the Mississippi. Brutalized the Natives. (1530’s, 40’s) Cortez (Cortes) conquered the Aztecs led by Montezuma. Thought Cortez was the god, Quetzalcoatl Cortez (Cortes) conquered the Aztecs led by Montezuma. Thought Cortez was the god, Quetzalcoatl Pizarro 1532 defeated the Incas Pizarro 1532 defeated the Incas

Impact of the Spanish Conquest and subjugation Conquest and subjugation The Encomienda System: forced labor (mining) The Encomienda System: forced labor (mining) The Hacienda System: forced agricultural labor The Hacienda System: forced agricultural labor Mestizos: Amerindian and Spanish Mestizos: Amerindian and Spanish St. Augustine established to protect Spanish holdings in the SE and Caribbean from the French St. Augustine established to protect Spanish holdings in the SE and Caribbean from the French Is the oldest European settlement in what is now the United States Is the oldest European settlement in what is now the United States

By 1609 The Mission System Forced Conversion Santa Fe (NM) First Santa Fe (NM) First Pope’s Rebellion: Natives rebelled against Spanish rule. Was Crushed. Pope’s Rebellion: Natives rebelled against Spanish rule. Was Crushed. Texas Mission 1716 Texas Mission 1716 California mission 1763 (Spain concerned with Brits and Russia in N. America California mission 1763 (Spain concerned with Brits and Russia in N. America

The Black Legend Advanced by Protestant countries in Europe: Advanced by Protestant countries in Europe: Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ by enslaving the natives, forcing labor, infecting with disease, stealing wealth Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ by enslaving the natives, forcing labor, infecting with disease, stealing wealth The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the culture of central and South America The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the culture of central and South America

Later… The English Jamestown 1607 The English Jamestown 1607 The FrenchQuebec 1608 The FrenchQuebec 1608 The DutchNew Amsterdam 1609 The DutchNew Amsterdam 1609

The French in North America Verrazano 1524 sailed along the east coast of N. America from Maine to the Carolinas was probably the first to see NY harbor Verrazano 1524 sailed along the east coast of N. America from Maine to the Carolinas was probably the first to see NY harbor Cartier 1530’s explored along the St. Lawrence River (causing Spain to establish St. Augustine) Cartier 1530’s explored along the St. Lawrence River (causing Spain to establish St. Augustine) Champlain founded Quebec in 1608 Champlain founded Quebec in 1608

More French Explorers Cadillac 1701 founded Detroit Cadillac 1701 founded Detroit La Salle 1682 sailed through Quebec, the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi with Native guides La Salle 1682 sailed through Quebec, the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi with Native guides Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the Gulf of Mexico Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the Gulf of Mexico Named “Louisiana (for Louis XIV) Named “Louisiana (for Louis XIV)

The French Trading posts established along the Mississippi Trading posts established along the Mississippi New Orleans was the most important in 1718 New Orleans was the most important in 1718

The French and the Amerindians Had harmonious relations with natives Had harmonious relations with natives Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage) Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage) Beaver pelts in demand in Europe Beaver pelts in demand in Europe Trade was a “process” to natives = relationship Trade was a “process” to natives = relationship Coureurs de bois: runners of the woods were French frontiersmen after pelts Coureurs de bois: runners of the woods were French frontiersmen after pelts Voyageurs: French seamen who recruited natives for fur trade Voyageurs: French seamen who recruited natives for fur trade

The French and the Natives The French gifted the natives which was an important intertribal custom …so much better than the Spanish methods or the English policy of extermination The French gifted the natives which was an important intertribal custom …so much better than the Spanish methods or the English policy of extermination The Jesuits tried to convert the natives and even save them from the French trappers. The Jesuits tried to convert the natives and even save them from the French trappers. Were respected by natives for holding up well under torture Were respected by natives for holding up well under torture

The French Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin tribes and armed them against the Iroquois Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin tribes and armed them against the Iroquois When the Iroquois and the English allied, the Iroquois were no longer at a disadvantage When the Iroquois and the English allied, the Iroquois were no longer at a disadvantage Native population suffered due to warfare, disease, alcoholism Native population suffered due to warfare, disease, alcoholism

The French By the 1760’s (the end of the French and Indian War) the natives made an effort not to kill each other and stay out of European affairs By the 1760’s (the end of the French and Indian War) the natives made an effort not to kill each other and stay out of European affairs In the end…by 1600 the native population fell by 90% In the end…by 1600 the native population fell by 90% Smallpox was the biggest factor Smallpox was the biggest factor

British explorers The Cabot Brothers (Italian) explored Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497) The Cabot Brothers (Italian) explored Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497) Frobisher (1576) explored the coast of Labrador Frobisher (1576) explored the coast of Labrador Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired England by looting Spanish ships on their way to Spain from the New World Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired England by looting Spanish ships on their way to Spain from the New World

The War of the Spanish Armada 1588 The Spanish fleet was destroyed in the English Channel establishing England as a great naval power. The Spanish fleet was destroyed in the English Channel establishing England as a great naval power. At the same time, attempts were made by the English to colonize in the New World. At the same time, attempts were made by the English to colonize in the New World.

The English Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts, idle women, land, primogeniture, entail Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts, idle women, land, primogeniture, entail Economic problems made people move out Economic problems made people move out War created taxes War created taxes Population explosion but fewer farms and higher food prices (enclosure) Population explosion but fewer farms and higher food prices (enclosure) Highwaymen: large force of unemployed farm workers were wandering the countryside Highwaymen: large force of unemployed farm workers were wandering the countryside 1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were draining the treasury 1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were draining the treasury

The English Cabot brothers explored for the English (1497) Cabot brothers explored for the English (1497) Henry VIII not much interest Henry VIII not much interest Elizabeth I encouraged private enterprise Elizabeth I encouraged private enterprise English colonies were founded with little help or interference from the crown English colonies were founded with little help or interference from the crown Different for Spain and France Different for Spain and France

English Advantages in Colonization More capital for investment by private co’s like merchant companies (Dutch too) due to larger middle class More capital for investment by private co’s like merchant companies (Dutch too) due to larger middle class Greater social mobility Greater social mobility Relative freedom for women Relative freedom for women Lust for land Lust for land Government let religious dissenters go Government let religious dissenters go Government encouraged permanent settlement Government encouraged permanent settlement

The English Self government allowed: Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, growing religious tolerance especially after William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution Self government allowed: Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, growing religious tolerance especially after William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights during the Glorious Revolution

Early English Attempts Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh (and Sir Francis Drake and others) Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh (and Sir Francis Drake and others) 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an expedition to Newfoundland and traveled down the coast but was lost at sea Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an expedition to Newfoundland and traveled down the coast but was lost at sea. Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but claimed the land as Virginia anyway. Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but claimed the land as Virginia anyway.

Raleigh 1585 Raleigh’s cousin and new partner…Sir Grenville settled a small group at Roanoke in N. Carolina Raleigh’s cousin and new partner…Sir Grenville settled a small group at Roanoke in N. Carolina. They terrorized the Indians before they left for more supplies. They terrorized the Indians before they left for more supplies. Drake arrived some months later with supplies but the settlers decided not to stay and went back to England Drake arrived some months later with supplies but the settlers decided not to stay and went back to England

Roanoke Raleigh made one more attempt (on his coin) It will bankrupt him Raleigh made one more attempt (on his coin) It will bankrupt him 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women and 9 children to Roanoke Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women and 9 children to Roanoke. Virginia Dare was born there…first European child to be born in the New World. Virginia Dare was born there…first European child to be born in the New World. Habitations were built, some crops planted and Raleigh went back for supplies promising to return within a few months Habitations were built, some crops planted and Raleigh went back for supplies promising to return within a few months

Roanoke Before the ship left for England the settlers were told to carve a message on a certain tree if they had to relocate. If they had to leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in the tree… Before the ship left for England the settlers were told to carve a message on a certain tree if they had to relocate. If they had to leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in the tree… When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth would not allow it to return with supplies to America until When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth would not allow it to return with supplies to America until She needed all of her ships and men to fight the Spanish in the War of the Spanish Armada (1588) She needed all of her ships and men to fight the Spanish in the War of the Spanish Armada (1588)

Roanoke In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired a ship going to the west Indies to stop at Roanoke. In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired a ship going to the west Indies to stop at Roanoke. No one was there! Carved on the tree was CROA No one was there! Carved on the tree was CROA There WAS a tribe nearby called the Croatoans There WAS a tribe nearby called the Croatoans Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans attack them? Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans attack them?

Roanoke A true History Mystery… A true History Mystery… The ship captain refused to stay and help to look so grandpa got onto the ship and went to the West Indies and no one else ever went back to look The ship captain refused to stay and help to look so grandpa got onto the ship and went to the West Indies and no one else ever went back to look BUT later… reports of Native Americans using certain English words…reports of blond Indians BUT later… reports of Native Americans using certain English words…reports of blond Indians

In 1606 King James… Issued charters to two merchant companies to settle in the New World. Issued charters to two merchant companies to settle in the New World. Private investors could raise large sums of $ to finance such ventures Private investors could raise large sums of $ to finance such ventures The London Company to settle in the Southern Region The London Company to settle in the Southern Region The Plymouth Company to settle in the Northern Region The Plymouth Company to settle in the Northern Region

1607 Jamestown: the first permanent English colony in the New World The London Co. (later will be called the Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to Virginia The London Co. (later will be called the Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to Virginia The Godspeed, Susan Constant, and the Discovery The Godspeed, Susan Constant, and the Discovery These men were young and in good physical shape and were indentured servants These men were young and in good physical shape and were indentured servants Only 104 survived the trip Only 104 survived the trip

New France, New Spain, the English Colonies

Reasons for Exploration and Colonization: God God Gold Gold Glory Glory

Religion A true desire to convert new peoples to Christianity = missionaries A true desire to convert new peoples to Christianity = missionaries Rivalry between Catholics (especially the Jesuits) and Protestants for new souls Rivalry between Catholics (especially the Jesuits) and Protestants for new souls Religious freedom (6 of the 13 English colonies were founded for religious reasons) Religious freedom (6 of the 13 English colonies were founded for religious reasons)

Competition Between the new and growing nation-states of Europe for power and products Between the new and growing nation-states of Europe for power and products Marco Polo and his memoirs Marco Polo and his memoirs Goods from the East…The Spice Islands Goods from the East…The Spice Islands A search for an all-water route to the Far East A search for an all-water route to the Far East

The Renaissance Encouraged new knowledge Encouraged new knowledge New inventions, technology New inventions, technology Maps Maps The Caravel The Caravel The Lateen Sail The Lateen Sail The Astrolabe The Astrolabe The Printing Press

Economics Desire for new products, Natural Resources Desire for new products, Natural Resources A Need for new Markets A Need for new Markets Mercantilism Mercantilism

The European Colonizing Agents Spain (Monarchy) was the only country to bring back real wealth. Spain (Monarchy) was the only country to bring back real wealth. The wealth from the Aztec and Inca empires inflated the European economy ten times over The wealth from the Aztec and Inca empires inflated the European economy ten times over The French (Monarchy) found wealth in the Fur Trade The French (Monarchy) found wealth in the Fur Trade The English and the Dutch (Constitutional Monarchies) made their money by trading with their colonies The English and the Dutch (Constitutional Monarchies) made their money by trading with their colonies

Religion The Huguenots were expelled from France and came to the New World The Huguenots were expelled from France and came to the New World The Spanish (and French) sent missionaries to convert the natives The Spanish (and French) sent missionaries to convert the natives Six of the thirteen English colonies were founded for religious reasons Six of the thirteen English colonies were founded for religious reasons

The Columbian Exchange Crops: the potato, corn Crops: the potato, corn Animals: Protein sources Animals: Protein sources Disease…Smallpox, Syphilis Disease…Smallpox, Syphilis

The Europeans and the Native Americans The Spanish The Spanish Conquistadors Conquistadors The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission systems The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission systems Tried to enslave the natives Tried to enslave the natives The Missionaries: Las Casas The Missionaries: Las Casas The Slave Trade: Asiento The Slave Trade: Asiento Spanish Society Spanish Society

The Europeans and the Natives The French: How they colonized The French: How they colonized The Fur Trade The Fur Trade Friendly relations with natives Friendly relations with natives Married into the tribes Married into the tribes Depended upon the natives for survival Depended upon the natives for survival

The Europeans and the Natives The English…and the Puritans The English…and the Puritans The English and Virginia The English and Virginia The Iroquois were allied with the English The Iroquois were allied with the English All others were allied with the French so…English policy was extermination All others were allied with the French so…English policy was extermination 1637 The Pequot War (Conn) 1637 The Pequot War (Conn) 1675 King Philip’s War (Metacomet was the chief of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass) 1675 King Philip’s War (Metacomet was the chief of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass) The New England Confederation The New England Confederation

Religious Freedom Not an issue for Spain or Portugal…everyone was Catholic Not an issue for Spain or Portugal…everyone was Catholic Not an issue for the Netherlands…They tolerated all faiths Not an issue for the Netherlands…They tolerated all faiths France…When the Edict of Nantes was revoked about 300,000 Huguenots (French Calvinists) to the New World (Carolina) France…When the Edict of Nantes was revoked about 300,000 Huguenots (French Calvinists) to the New World (Carolina) England: Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, Catholics England: Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, Catholics

Mercantilism Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan defended mercantilism Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan defended mercantilism Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations defended free-market capitalism Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations defended free-market capitalism What IS Mercantilism? What IS Mercantilism?

Mercantilism and the Spanish and the Spanish and the French …Colbert and the French …Colbert and the English Navigation Acts and the English Navigation Acts

End of Unit I Please take a good look at Unit I terms and definitions Please take a good look at Unit I terms and definitions Consider: The relationships that developed between the Native Americans and the three main European colonizing agents differed markedly. Discuss the differences noting the role of religion, economics, and war. Consider: The relationships that developed between the Native Americans and the three main European colonizing agents differed markedly. Discuss the differences noting the role of religion, economics, and war.