Agriculture First Agricultural Revolution Second Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

Prehistoric Man Hunter gather society Nomadic Temperate environment Cyclic Movement Migratory

Fire Domesticated 500,000 ???? tools

First Ag Rev Plant domestication Animal domestication Use of fire

Plant Domestication Gather seeds Irrigation Fertilizer Cultivate Clear land (fire) 12,000 years ago or less

Plant Domestication Slash and Burn Swidden Grindstones Pestle and Mortar Storage

Problems No crop rotation Wear the land out Move on to new land Lack of permanent settlements

Plants

Animal Domestication Young Garbage Fire Protection

Cultural Hearths Food surplus Social stratification Specialization Urban hierarchy

Development Governments Religion Arts Music Architecture Medicine

Cultural Hearths Mesopotamia Nile Valley Indus Valley Wei-Huang Valley Ganges Valley Mesoamerica West Africa Andean America

Cultural Hearths Fresh water Temperate areas Land was diverse Different types of plants Seasons allowed for different growth

Cultural Hearths Began as egalitarian societies Hierarchy developed Trade within a functional region Sedentary societies

Cultural Diffusion Governments Religion Arts Music Architecture Medicine

Independent Invention Inventions in different places at different times without any knowledge of the other. No diffusion.

Independent Invention Example - metallurgy Fire heated rocks Melted ores Tools, weapons

Empire Building Some societies became so stratified, they could have military. Control other lesser developed areas

Empire Building Grew in power by taking resources of others Cultural diffusion

Second Ag Rev Develop machines that do the work of many people Too many without ag work Move to urban areas Work in factories

Second Ag Rev Factories make machines for farmers Larger farms, fewer farmers More to urban areas More factories, larger machines

Second Ag Rev Fertilizers Drainage Irrigation Fence Breading

Agricultural/Industrial Spiral Ag input increase Fewer agricultural workers needed More urban dwellers Need jobs Work in factories Factories make better farm machines Fewer Ag workers needed

Von Thunen German economist Agricultural Concentric Circles mid 1800’s Wrote The Isolated State

Von Thunen Thunen’s model: the black dot represents a city; 1 (white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red) ranching; the outer, dark green area represents wilderness where agriculture is not profitable

Von Thunen made a model Exceptions

Von Thunen made a model Exceptions Isotropic plain No rivers No mountains All travel equal No other settlements All land the same Government policies

What is the use? The model could predict agricultural location. Can it predict location today?

Have you read: Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food If you have, read it again. If you have not read it twice. We will read it a third time after we end the Green Revolution. Read the Time Article http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1917726,00.html

History Aspects Results Future Green Revolution History Aspects Results Future

History of Green Revolution Mexico 1945 Need wheat for the rapidly growing population India 1961 starvation Rice

History of Green Revolution Norman Borlaug began the ideas. Term “Green Revolution” by Gaud of USAID in 1968.

History of Green Revolution Philippines starvation Rice Africa 1980’s Population growth and political instability

Aspects Genetically modified seeds Shorter stems, chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizers, better irrigation Techniques

Aspects Very expensive Need government support Roads Storage Wells

Aspects Must have government stability Soil Climate Money

Aspects Finance and research Rockefeller Foundation Ford Foundation

Results of the Green Revolution Mexico 1943 imported 1/2 wheat 1956 self sufficient 1964 exported wheat

Results of the Green Revolution India IR8 semi-dwarf rice Price of rice $550/ton in 1970 Price of rice $200/ton in 2001 Export 4.5 mil ton in 2006

Results of the Green Revolution Philippines 1966 IR8 rice like India 3.7 to 7.7 mil tons in 20 yr

Results of the Green Revolution Africa experienced very little success 1970’s. Insecurity, lack of infrastructure, corruption, lack of cooperation Natural limits, water and soil

Future of the Green Revolution Yield increases leveled off in mid 1980’s Petro chemicals costs increases Chemical fert, pest, and herb damage the ecosystem

Future of the Green Revolution Fert - runoff makes algee grow, too much oxygen, choke out fish Herb - eliminate plant diversity Pest - eliminate insect diversity All exspensive

Future of the Green Revolution Genetically altered plants mutate others (roundup ready corn) Loss of diversity of food

Future of the Green Revolution Neo-Malthusian theory Sustainability Carrying capacity Time article

Future of the Green Revolution Monocultures - lack of diversity in diet Socioeconomic - poor cannot afford to farm.

Future of the Green Revolution Globalization Larger farms, fewer farmers Poor move to cities Work in foreign owned factories Rich richer, poor poorer