HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Murat Yakut Ismail Yilmaz

CONTENT What is the Hydroelectric energy? What is the Hydroelectric energy? History of Hydroelectric energy? History of Hydroelectric energy? Potential Energy? Potential Energy? Kinetic Energy? Kinetic Energy? Mechanical energy? Mechanical energy? How it works? How it works? Component Component Type Of Dam Type Of Dam Type Of Turibine Type Of Turibine Advantage/Disadvantage Advantage/Disadvantage

What is the Hydroelectric energy? Generally,Using the power of water currents to generate electric power. Generally,Using the power of water currents to generate electric power. Hydroelectric power is considered a renewable energy source. Hydroelectric power is considered a renewable energy source.

History of Hydroelectric energy? Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique. The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique.

Potential Energy? Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field. Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field.

Kinetic Energy? Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving object has kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any moving object has kinetic energy.

Mechanical energy? Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any object that is able to do work has mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.

How it works? Falling or flowing water turns a propeller like piece called a turbine. Falling or flowing water turns a propeller like piece called a turbine. The turbine turns a metal shaft in an electric generator which produces electricity. The turbine turns a metal shaft in an electric generator which produces electricity.

Block Diagram

Component of Hydro Power Dam : are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to confine and utilize the flow of water for human purposes such as irrigation and generation of hydroelectricity. Dam : are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to confine and utilize the flow of water for human purposes such as irrigation and generation of hydroelectricity. Intake : water from the river/spring/dam/irrigation channel is diverted from its main course.Generally weir used to divert water through intake into open channel. Intake : water from the river/spring/dam/irrigation channel is diverted from its main course.Generally weir used to divert water through intake into open channel. Penstock: pipeline supplying water from forebay to turbine. Mild steel, upvc and hdpe - most commonly used materials. Penstock: pipeline supplying water from forebay to turbine. Mild steel, upvc and hdpe - most commonly used materials. Power House: houses turbine ± generator with mechanical control valves and electrical control panels. Switch yard and connection to distribution system. Power House: houses turbine ± generator with mechanical control valves and electrical control panels. Switch yard and connection to distribution system. Turbine : hydro power in jet at end of penstock ransmitted to turbine runner - changes to mechanical power. Turbine : hydro power in jet at end of penstock ransmitted to turbine runner - changes to mechanical power. Generator: electricity generated when turbine drives generator. Generator: electricity generated when turbine drives generator.

Type Of Dam Arch Dam Arch Dam Gravity Dam Gravity Dam Buttress Dam Buttress Dam Embankment Dam Embankment Dam

Arch Dam Arch shape gives strength Arch shape gives strength Less material (cheaper) Less material (cheaper) Narrow sites Narrow sites Need strong abutments Need strong abutments

Arch Dam

Gravity Dam Weight holds dam in place Weight holds dam in place Lots of concrete (expensive) Lots of concrete (expensive)

Gravity Dam

Buttress Dam Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure Face is held up by a series of supports Face is held up by a series of supports Flat or curved face Flat or curved face

Buttress Dam

Embankment (Earth) Dam They are trapezoidal in shape They are trapezoidal in shape Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam

Embankment (Earth) Dam

Scale of Hydropower Large-hydro- More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid Large-hydro- More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid Medium-hydro MW usually feeding a grid Medium-hydro MW usually feeding a grid Small-hydro MW -usually feeding into a grid Small-hydro MW -usually feeding into a grid Mini-hydro -Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW,Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid Mini-hydro -Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW,Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid Micro-hydro -From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industryin remote areas away from the grid. Micro-hydro -From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industryin remote areas away from the grid. Pico-hydro -From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid Pico-hydro -From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid

Type Of Turibine Impulse Turbines Impulse Turbines Pelton turbine Turgo turbine Michelle-Banki turbine Reaction Turbines Reaction Turbines Francis turbine Kaplan turbine Gorlov turbine

PELTON TURBINES Entrance elbow Entrance elbow Injector Injector Regulator Regulator Bun Bun Blades or spoons. Blades or spoons.

How it Works? The Pelton turbines are used with high height jumps. The Pelton turbines are used with high height jumps. The gravitational power energy of the water dammed becomes in kinetic energy. The gravitational power energy of the water dammed becomes in kinetic energy. The injector throws the high speed water to the blades that are glued to the bun. The injector throws the high speed water to the blades that are glued to the bun. The water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the bun, where it is transformed instantaneously into mechanical energy. The water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the bun, where it is transformed instantaneously into mechanical energy.

PELTON TURBINES

KAPLAN TURBINES The turbines that take his name have revolutionized in these years the use of jumps of little height. The turbines that take his name have revolutionized in these years the use of jumps of little height. The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines of axial flow, with a bun that works in similar way to the helix of a boat. The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines of axial flow, with a bun that works in similar way to the helix of a boat. The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of the bun turn itself when it is on, adjusting automatically according the work to the conditions of optimal yield. The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of the bun turn itself when it is on, adjusting automatically according the work to the conditions of optimal yield.

KAPLAN TURBINES

DERIAZ TURBINES Deriaz invented later the turbine that takes his name Deriaz invented later the turbine that takes his name This turbine is reversible This turbine is reversible The price of the machinery is reduced using the same machine like pump and turbine. The price of the machinery is reduced using the same machine like pump and turbine.

DERIAZ TURBINES

FRANCIS TURBINES The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines The radial flow causes the turn of the runner The radial flow causes the turn of the runner This turbine is reversible This turbine is reversible Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows

FRANCIS TURBINES

Advantage Hydropowers fuel supply (flowing water) is clean and isrenewed yearly by snow and rainfall. Hydropowers fuel supply (flowing water) is clean and isrenewed yearly by snow and rainfall. hydro plants do not emit pollutants into the air because they burn no fuel. hydro plants do not emit pollutants into the air because they burn no fuel. With growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions andincreased demand for electricity, hydropower may becomemore important in the future. With growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions andincreased demand for electricity, hydropower may becomemore important in the future. Hydropower facilities offer a range of additional benefits.Many dams are used to control flooding and regulate water supply, and reservoirs provide lakes for recreational purposes,such as boating and fishing. Hydropower facilities offer a range of additional benefits.Many dams are used to control flooding and regulate water supply, and reservoirs provide lakes for recreational purposes,such as boating and fishing. Low operating and maintenance cost Low operating and maintenance cost

Disadvantage Damming rivers may permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. Fish, for one, may no longer be able to swimupstream. Damming rivers may permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. Fish, for one, may no longer be able to swimupstream. Hydro plant operations may also affect water quality bychurni ng up dissolved metals that may have been deposited byindustry long ago. Hydro plant operations may also affect water quality bychurni ng up dissolved metals that may have been deposited byindustry long ago. Hydropower operations may increase silting, change water tem peratures, and lower the levels of dissolved oxygen. Hydropower operations may increase silting, change water tem peratures, and lower the levels of dissolved oxygen. Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area. Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area. High initial capital cost. High initial capital cost.

THANK YOU Hydropower is a renewable energy source Hydropower is a renewable energy source