Scientific Revolution Chapter 22

Setting the Stage: Renaissance: rebirth of learning and the arts inspired curiosity in other fields. Reformation: people began to challenge the accepted beliefs about God and salvation. Reformation & Scientific Revolution were taking place at the same time in Europe.

Geocentric Theory Aristotle: Earth was at the center of the universe and all other planets revolved around the earth. Christianity backed up the claim, teaching that God placed the Earth at the center. Medieval way of thinking about the universe.

A New Way of Thinking Scientific Revolution: Scholars challenge the old beliefs. Based their thoughts on: OBSERVATION WILLINGNESS TO QUESTION ACCEPTED BELIEFS.

The Road to Discovery Explorers discovering new lands in Africa, Asian and the Americas. New truths were to be found! Astronomy & Mathematics. Navigation tools---ASTROLABE Classical Knowledge had reached its limit…needed new answers.

Heliocentric Theory Nicolaus Copernicus: Rediscovered an old Greek idea that the sun was at the center of the earth. 25 year study: the Earth and other planets do, in fact, revolve around the Sun. CIRCULAR ORBIT Moon revolved around the Earth Movement of the sun was Earth’s movement on its axis

Kepler Kepler: Used mathematical laws to prove for a fact that the sun was the center of the universe. Orbits of the planets was elliptical rather then circular. The sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at the center.

Kepler

Galileo Galilei Built his own telescope to further study astronomy. Discovered what the planets were made of. Planets composed of material like that of Earth. Starry Messenger: Jupiter had four moons The Sun had dark spots Moon’s surface was rough and uneven

Conflict with the Church Galileo’s findings were against all church teachings and authority. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Copernicus & Ptolemy’s ideas presented. Galileo supported Copernicus’s ideas. Galileo was summoned to the Inquisition.

Standing Trial 1633: Galileo under the threat of torture read aloud a statement confessing that Copernicus was wrong. House arrest for the rest of his life.

Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. Who are the fathers of the method? FRANCIS BACON & RENE DESCARTES

Francis Bacon Believed scientists relied to heavily on Aristotle. Experimental Method: Experiment and then draw conclusions.

Rene Descartes Relied on mathematics and logic rather than experiments. Everything is in question until proved reason.

Isaac Newton The Law of Gravity Every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

Medicine & the Human Body Studies in anatomy from corpses completed for the first time in Europe. Small Pox vaccine in the late 1700s. Inoculation with germs taken from Asia for centuries. Used cowpox to create very first vaccination.

Revolution Spreads Instruments: Microscope Barometer (predict weather & atmospheric pressure) Thermometer

Chemistry Robert Boyle: Matter made up of smaller primary particles that joined in many different ways. Boyle’s Law: Explains how volume, temperature and pressure of a gas affect each other.

ENLIGHTENMENT

Definition of Enlightenment Intellectual movement that stressed: REASON THOUGHT POWER OF THE INDIVIDUAL

TWO VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT HOBBES LEVIATHAN Man is naturally selfish & wicked. People hand over their rights to a powerful leader. Control the citizens!! ABSOLUTE MONARCH LOCKE All people are born free and equal. THREE NATURAL RIGHTS: Life, Liberty & Property Governments power comes from Consent of the people Govt. fails; people can overthrow the govt.

HOBBES & LOCKE

The agreement(s) is called the: SOCIAL CONTRACT People hand over rights to government in return for: Law & order

Philosophes Advocate Reason Groups of social critics Have 5 core beliefs: Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

18 th Century Philosophes VOLTAIRE MONTESQUIEU ROSSEAU BECCARIA WOLLSTONECRAFT

VOLTAIRE Satirist Made fun of the monarchy, clergy and aristocracy of France. Defended: Freedom of speech Tolerance Freedom of Religion Was exiled for two years.

MONTESQUIEU On the Spirit of Laws Division of power 3 Branches of Government “Should be a check to the power of Government.”

ROSSEAU Agreement among free individuals to create a free society & govt. DIRECT DEMOCRACY Individual Freedom Man is born free No noble titles

BECCARIA Improve Justice system Speedy trial No Cruel & Unusual Punishment Punishment based on degree of crime.

WOLLSTONECRAFT A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Women’s education should be just as important then men’s education Encouraged women in medicine & politics. Salon used to discuss topics.

ENLIGHTENMENT & MONARCHY ENLIGTENEND DESPOTS Monarchs that used the ideas of the Enlightenment to rule justly

FREDERICK the GREAT Prussian Supported Education for all. Banned torture End to censorship Tolerant of religions

JOSEPH II Austria Freedom of the press Freedom of worship Abolished serfdom Peasants paid for work.

CATHERINE the GREAT Russia Expanded Empire Abolishing torture & capital punishment Religious toleration Peasants revolt led to end of reforms. Russia Expanded empire Separation of Powers Abolished torture & capital punishment Religious toleration Peasant revolt ended reforms.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Section 4

Americas road to Independence Colonies of Great Britain High Taxes Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts Boston Tea Party Colonist revolt, throw tea overboard in Boston Harbor. Lexington & Concord—”Shot heard around the world”

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Wrote by Thomas Jefferson. Official break from Great Britain G.B. broke Social Contract Colonist could rebel to overthrow monarchy. “All men are created equal…”

Influence of the Enlightenment Locke: Govt’s power comes from consent of people. Montesquieu: Separation of Powers Rousseau: Direct Democracy Public election of officials. Voltarie: Free speech; religious toleration Beccaria: Accused have rights & no torture.

NEW CONSTITUTION Checks and Balances Each branch checking the power of the other. Executive-Legislative-Judicial Federal System: power divided b/t Federal & State governments. Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

BILL OF RIGHTS Amendments protect basic rights such as: freedom of press, speech, assembly, religion.

Effects of Enlightenment Progress: Education, Toleration, Free Speech, etc… Secular Outlook Question religions beliefs Importance of the Individual Judge right & Wrong Government changes Economic changes