Chapter 1 Panko and Panko Business Data Networks and Security, 10 th Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. Panko and Panko Business Data Networks and Security, 10 th Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd.

1-2 Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon MessagesSingle NetworksInternetsStandards Layers

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-3 * depicted as a cloud * Any computer attached to a network is a host. Servers, PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, smart watches, … Internet of Things (IoT)

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-4 Messages and Addresses

StepActionExample 1 Divide 32 bit IP address bits into four 8-bit segments Convert each segment from binary to decimal Assemble the segments in decimal, separated by dots Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-5

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-7 Servers for Rent! No Long-Term Contracts Servers for Rent! No Long-Term Contracts

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd SaaS: Software as a Service

Server OwnerApplication Owner Corporate Data Center User (Organization) IaaSIaaS CSPUser (Organization) SaaSSaaS CSP Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd CSP: Cloud Service Provider

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 Traditionally, ◦ The organization owned and operated its own servers and application programs ◦ It purchased them ◦ This was Infrastructure and software as a product  Cloud Services ◦ No purchase for servers, applications, or both ◦ Pay by amount of use, like electrical service ◦ This is Infrastructure and software as a service Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-21

Metric Prefix MeaningUnabbreviatedExamplekbps1,000 bpskilobits per second33 kbps is 33,000 bps Mbps1,000 kbpsmegabits per second 3.4 Mbps is 3,400,000 bps Gbps1,000 Mbpsgigabits per second 62 Gbps is 62,000,000,000 bps Tbps1,000 Gbpsterabits per second 1.5 Tbps is 1,500,000,000,000 bps Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-22

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd SI is the International System of Units

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd Netflix Jumps Into the Amazon Messages Single NetworksInternetsStandards Layers

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 Different single-network standards use different types of addresses  A common type of single-network address is the EUI-48 address ◦ EUI stands for extended unique identifier ◦ It is 48 bits long ◦ Used in Ethernet 802.3, Wi-Fi , and Bluetooth ◦ However, not all single-network addresses are EUI- 48 addresses Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-34

 Formerly called a media access control (MAC) address ◦ Still commonly referred to as MAC addresses  Written as six pairs of number or letter symbols separated by dashes ◦ Example A1-B2-CC-92-FF-00  Not all single-network addresses follow the EUI-48 format Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-35

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd Netflix Jumps Into the AmazonMessages Single Networks InternetsStandards Layers

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd  Layered Standards ◦ Often, standards are created in layers, with each layer supporting the next higher layer  For example, in driving…  The soil layer supports the road layer  The road layer supports the tire layer  The tire layer supports the body layer  The body layer supports the driver layer

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd  Layering allows specialization ◦ Road engineers do not have to understand tire standards or body standards in detail

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd  Physical Layer Standards ◦ The physical connection between adjacent devices in a network is a physical link ◦ Govern transmission media and connectors ◦ Govern signaling to transmit ones and zeroes ◦ Layer 1 (L1) standards

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd  Data Link Layer (DLL) Standards ◦ The end-to-end path of a frame between the source and destination host is a data link ◦ Govern frame organization ◦ Govern how forwarding devices (access points, switches) forward frames over multiple hops ◦ Govern DLL addresses ◦ Layer 2 (L2) standards

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd  Point-to-Point Protocol (POP) ◦ The dominant data link layer standard for point-to- point networks

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd Netflix Jumps Into the AmazonMessagesSingle Networks Internets Standards Layers

 Different Standards  Overlapping Addresses ◦ Even if the two networks follow the same standard, a host on one network may have the same DLL address as a host on the other network.  Link to Connect the Single Network ◦ If the link used the standards of one network, it would not connect to the other network for the first two reasons Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-53

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd ConceptData Link LayerInternet Layer Layer NumberLayer 2 (L2)Layer 3 (L3) NameData Link LayerInternet Layer Main Standard Various (Ethernet 802.3, Wi-Fi , PPP, etc.) IP Addresses Data Link Layer addresses (Often EUI-48 addresses) IP addresses MessagesFramesPackets Forwarding DevicesSwitches, Access Points, etc.Routers PathsData LinksRoutes

 Fragmentation and placing in an envelope is generically called packet switching ◦ However, packets are routed ◦ And frames are switched  So technically speaking, packets are never switched Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-62

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd Netflix Jumps Into the AmazonMessagesSingle NetworksInternets Standards Layers

NumNameRole 5 Application Standardize communication between two application programs of a certain type. 4 TransportFragmentation and other functions. 3 Internet Transmit a packet across an internet. Packet organization, router operation, other things needed to transmit a packet across a route in an internet. 2 Data Link Transmit a frame across a single network. Frame organization, switch and access point operation, and other things needed to transmit a frame across a data link in a single network. 1 PhysicalTransmission media, plugs and connectors, signaling. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1-64

ArchitectureOSITCP/IP Standard agency/agenciesISO and ITU-TIETF Architecture nameOSITCP/IP Examples of standards Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Optical Fiber TCP, IP, DNS Layers at which dominant Physical (1), Data Link (2) Internet (3), Transport (4) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Ltd IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

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