Ancient Greece “Birthplace of Western Civilization” SOL WH1.

Bell Activity 10/10/2013 (2 nd Block) 1)Ancient Greece was located on which peninsula? 2)What is the narrow passage of water that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara? 3)How is geography going to impact the history of the Greeks? 4)Why did Phil Knight name his shoe company “Nike?” SOL: WHI.5 Learning Targets: At the end of the day, you will be able to- -Describe the impact of geography on the history of the Greeks -Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta

You Are Here! Greece!

Balkan Peninsula Peloponnesus Sparta Athens

Geography of Balkan Peninsula Located on the Balkan and Peloponnesus Peninsula between the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea Land is very rocky; 80% of the island is covered by mountains Very few rivers; most dry up in the summer Major bodies of water used for trading: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Dardanelles

Impact of Geography on Greek Settlements Mountains hindered the formation of a national government Greeks formed independent city-states (Athens, Sparta, Marathon, etc.) The city-states (polis) were designed to promote civic and economic involvement. City-states were independent of each other Because of overpopulation, Greeks began to colonize new lands they could farm and spread their culture

Bell Activity 10/14/2013 (2 nd Block) 1.What was the Greek term for city-state? 2.What is the body of water between the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor? 3.What was the main economic trade in Greece? SOL: WHI.5 Learning Targets: At the end of the day, you will be able to- -Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta -List Greek gods and goddesses -Explain how Greek mythology impacts the modern world *India/China/Persia Re-Test tomorrow!!

Sparta/Athens Comparison Sparta Very militaristic Isolated Used 2 kings and a Council (oligarchy) Boys become soldiers at early age, a woman’s job was to produce good soldiers Rigid social structure Little use for new ideas or arts Travel forbidden Suffered from rigid ideas Athens Government evolved into a democracy Education was encouraged for males Valued the art of debate (rhetoric) Very involved in trade Artistic Not as military minded as Sparta Women had limited rights

Athens/Sparta Assignment Create an Acronym for each of the letters in the names of the city-states (“Athens” and “Sparta”). AS TP HA ER NT SA

Essential Knowledge The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization led to the spread of Hellenistic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas

Religion of Greece was polytheistic and integral to culture, politics, and art of Greece Greeks believed gods interacted with humans and were part of private lives Greek Mythology

Greek mythology developed as a collection of stories to explain that which otherwise could not be explained (natural phenomena), human qualities, and life events Greek Mythology Greek Myth Rap

Examples of how myths are used in modern society: Herculean Task- A very difficult task- Named after Greek hero Hercules Most constellations named after Greek characters Atlas- Collection of Maps (Named after man who held up the sky) Phrases such as “Achille’s Heel” “Midas Touch” Why Are Myths Important today?

Myths often carried a moral with them Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. Greek Mythology

Greek Gods and Goddesses Zeus—king of the gods, ruled from Mt. Olympus

Greek Gods and Godesses Hera—queen of the gods, wife of Zeus

Greek Gods and Goddesses Athena—goddess of wisdom

Greek Gods and Goddesses Aphrodite— goddess of beauty and love

Greek Gods and Goddesses Apollo—god of music and sun

Greek Gods and Goddesses Artemis— virgin goddess of the hunt and childbirth

Bell Activity 10/15/2013 (2 nd Block) 1.Who was the King of the Gods on Greek mythology? 2.What were the 2 main city-states in Greece? 3.Which had a democratic government and promoted education? 4.How do we use Greek Mythology in the modern world? SOL: WHI.5 Learning Targets: At the end of the day, you will be able to- -Compare and contrast Athens and Sparta -List Greek gods and goddesses -Explain how Greek mythology impacts the modern world *India/China/Persia Re-Test tomorrow!!

The Evolution of the Greek Democracy I. Draco (620 B.C./B.C.E.) -Set up law code with very harsh penalties (Draconian Law) -Accused had right to trial and were innocent until proven guilty II. Solon (Chief Ruler in 504 B.C.) -Outlawed debt slavery -opened government offices to more people -Gave assembly more power

The Evolution of the Greek Democracy Continued III. Pisistratus (Tyrant) 546 B.C. -Weakened aristocracy by giving loans to farmers and jobs to poor IV. Cleisthenes 507 B.C. -Set up Council of 500; members chosen by lot -Made Assembly a genuine legislature V. Pericles (“Golden Age of Athens” B.C.) -Believed all male citizens should participate in government -Gave government employees a salary -Presided over a Direct Democracy in which all citizens took part in day-to-day decisions. Chronological order of Athenian Government Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy

–Athens slowly grew to become a democratic city- state –Athens was a direct democracy— citizens voted on each issue considered by the government Direct Democracy

Democracy in Athens  Public debates and hearings were held so citizens could express their views Free people were allowed to participate in debates BUT could not vote Citizens were expected to partake in debates and voting

City-states were called the polis Members of the polis: Citizens—free adult males—had political rights and responsibility of civic participation in government Social Structure and Citizenship

Free people—women, foreigners, and young males—had no political rights Slaves—non-citizens— had no political rights Social Structure and Citizenship

–To become a citizen, men served 10 years of military service –Adult males became citizens and had a voice in government and protection from government –Participation in government was expected

Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision making. It became a foundation of modern democracies. Essential Understandings

Mostly occurring between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars Time of peace and prosperity for Athens Time of cultural advancement and innovations Pericles, the ruler of Athens, extended democracy to most males and they had an equal voice Golden Age of Athens/Golden Age of Pericles

Architecture Pericles rebuilt Athens from destruction that occurred during the Persian Wars This was the period in which Greece gave many “gifts” to the world An example of this is the Parthenon (Doric style of columns)

Architecture: Columns The Greeks Developed Three types of Columns Doric Ionic Corinthian

Greek Architecture: Modern Connections Can you think of other buildings that use this style?

Sculptors: –Phidias is commonly known as the greatest sculptor of the Ancient Greek world. His statue of Zeus at Olympus was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Greek sculptures were known for their “realistic but Idealistic portrayals of the human body

Felt through logical thinking people could discover wisdom, truth, and laws of nature Taught by using Socratic Method Educate and enlighten through asking questions Leaders of Athens felt that he was a threat Philosophers: Socrates

Socrates In 399 BCE, he was accused of corrupting the young and plotting to overthrow the government He was sentenced to death but declared himself innocent He believed his teachings and carried out the death sentence by drinking hemlock (drink made from poisonous plant)

Student of Socrates and carried out Socrates work He took Socrates teachings and organized them into a philosophical thought Opened a school in Athens called The Academy Philosophers: Plato

Wrote The Republic in which he set forth his views of government he felt the state was more important than the individual believed Philosopher Kings should rule—educated people

Last great philosopher of Ancient Greece Student of Plato Opened his own school in Athens and contributed to the field of logic Tutor to Alexander the Great Philosophers: Aristotle

Herodotus— “Father of History” Wrote about the Persian Wars 200 years after they occurred Wrote in a first person style as though he was there Often tended to exaggerate events and glorify Athens Historians

Thucydides Participated in and wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars Regarded as being accurate Is considered a Primary Source— eyewitness Historians

Science and Engineering Archimedes—Greek inventor—worked with optics, physics, and hydraulics Archimedes Screw— way of pumping water, used in boats Also credited with the principle of the lever

Medicine Hippocrates—Father of medicine believed that all diseases came from natural causes and not supernatural drew a code of ethics for doctors— Hippocratic Oath

Poetry Homer- Blind Epic Poet of Ancient Greece Epic poem- tells a story! Wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey which tell stories of the Trojan War and the adventures of Odysseus

Euclid—Founder of Geometry Pythagoras—student of Euclid, extended the work of Euclid responsible for Pythagorean theorem Mathematics

Greeks were the first to write and perform plays Tragedies—unhappy endings and human sufferings Comedies—humorous themes—happy endings Greek Drama

Sophocles—wrote tragedies, most famous is Antigone Aeschylus—wrote over 80 plays—tragedies fought in the Persian War

The culture of Greece that emerged during the Golden Age of Pericles became known as Hellenistic Culture Greek Culture

Following the Peloponnesian Wars, Greece was left without unity a number of invaders threatened Greece the most powerful were the Macedonians Rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great

King Philip II led his army to Greece and conquered northern Greece he moved into southern Greece, but died before all of Greece was conquered His son, Alexander the Great, age 23, took over and conquered Greece Rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great

Alexander adopted Hellenistic culture and spread it with him as his army conquered more land Alexander’s army was the most powerful of its age Alexander’s empire went from Egypt to India and Greek culture went with it. Rise of Macedonia and Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great He died at age 33 under mysterious causes After his death, the empire was divided among his three top generals Without unity, Alexander’s empire was eventually defeated by the Romans

Blend of Greek and oriental elements Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade Hellenistic Culture