Prof. Dr. Abdelsamie Moet Fall 2012/13 Pharos University in Alexandria Faculty of Engineering HU 121 History of Engineering and Technology Evolution of Solar Energy Engineering Lect4

HU121_Lect5_Solar1 ILO s Knowledge of the various energy sources Appreciate the concepts of energy sustainability and greenness Learn the major evolutionary engineering steps in solar energy applications

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3 Food (e.g., agriculture, biotechnology) Shelter (e.g., construction), Water (e.g., supply and quality) Energy (e.g., production, distribution) Mobility (e.g., transportation) Production (e.g., manufacturing) Health (e.g., medical technologies) Communications (e.g., Internet, satellite) Contexts Reflect issues relating to personal, societal and global concerns

HU121_Lect5_Solar4 Themes Design (e.g., optimization, trade-offs, specifications) modeling (e.g., representation and prediction) Systems (e.g., function, structure) Resources (e.g., materials, energy, information) Human values (e.g., sustainability, innovation, risk, failure, social interaction).

HU121_Lect5_Solar5 Energy Sources WindHydro Biofuel Nuclear Hydrocarbon Sustainable ? Green ? Sun Fuel Cells Geo-Thermal

HU121_Lect5_Solar6 Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is thermal energy that is generated by and stored in the Earth.

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8 Solar Energy: Brief Timeline 1500 BC 1950s -- ~ 1850 Henry Bessemer 1839: 19-year-old Edmund Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect

HU121_Lect5_Solar9 Solar Energy: Timeline BC ~ 1500 BC Egyptian ruler Amenkotep III supposedly had “sounding statues” that emitted a tone when air inside was heated by the sun ~ 212 BC Archimedes used burning mirrors to set fire to ships

HU121_Lect5_Solar10 Solar Energy: Timeline 18 th Century ~1700 French scientist, George Buffon, made multiple flat mirrors to concentrate light to a point. He ignited a wood pile 195 ft away (wood ignites at ~250°C) ~1760 Swiss de Sanesure made a solar oven that reached 160°C ~1860 Bessemer made a solar furnace that melted copper and zinc

HU121_Lect5_Solar11 Solar Energy: 19 th Century 1868 John Ericsson built a solar-powered 2.5 HP engine using a parabolic reflector 1912 Prof. C.V. Boys & Frank Shuman built a 50 HP solar pumping engine at Meadi, Egypt

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HU121_Lect5_Solar13 Photvoltaics The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839: He found that certain materials would produce small amounts of electric current when exposed to light. When sunlight strikes a PV cell, photons are absorbed and electrons are released causing an electric current (Voltage). The first photovoltaic module was built by Bell Laboratories in 1954.

HU121_Lect5_Solar14 A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module Multiple modules can be wired together to form an array. The larger the area of a module or array, the more electricity that will be produced. They can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination.

HU121_Lect5_Solar15 DC-AC System Photovoltaics produce direct current that usually is converted to alternating current for use in homes and industry.

HU121_Lect5_Solar16 Physics/ Material Chemistry One Context: Energy All Themes

HU121_Lect5_Solar17 Efficiency and Cost

HU121_Lect5_Solar18 / $1.9 Billion and Economy

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