Chapter two Early Societies in Southwest Asia and Early African Societies

I- The Quest for Order A. Mesopotamia: the land between the rivers” 1. Valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates

2. Little rain so area needs irrigation 3. Food supplies increase a. human population increases b. migrants to the area increase, especially Semites c. Sumer (in south) becomes population center

Genesis 10:10 And in the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh in the land of Shinar (Sumer)…

4. First cities emerge, 4000 B.C.E. a. between 3200 and 2350 B.C.E., they involve into city-states (control of surrounding region) b. governments sponsor building projects and irrigation

d. Kingships evolve with cooperation of noble families c. attacks by others led to wall building and military development

B. The course of empire 1.Sargon of Akkad ( B.C.E ) a. coup against King of Kish b. seizes trade routes and natural resources c. gradually empire weakens and collapses about 2000 B.C.E.

2. Hammarabi Centralizes the bureaucracy and regulates taxation Capital is Babylon Law Code: law of retribution and importance of social status Hitte assault and empire crumbles 1595 B.C.E.

c. The later Mesopotamia empires 1.Assyrians (northern Mesopotamia), about B.C.E. a. cities: Assur and Ninevah b. powerful army: professional officers (merit), chariots, archers, iron weapons c. unpopular rule leads to rebellions; ends 612 B.C.E

chariots

2. New Babylonian empire, B.C.E. a.Nebuchadnezzar (605 – 552 B.C.E. )

a.Hanging gardens of palace shows wealth and luxury

II- The formation of a complex society and sophisticated cultural traditions A. Economic specialization and trade 1. Bronze (made from copper and tin) used in weapons and later agricultural tools 2. Iron (about 1000 B.C.E.) cheaper and more widely available; used in weapons and tools

3. Wheel (about 3000B.C.E.) helps trade; carts can carry more goods further 4. Shipbuilding: maritime trade increases in all directions, network develops

The emergence of a stratified patriarchal society Social classes Cities: provide more opportunity to accumulate wealth

Standard of Ur (shows social classes) Ziggurat

Kings: (hereditary) and nobles (royal family and supporters) are highest class Priests and priestesses rule temple communities with large incomes and staff

Free commoners (peasants), dependant clients (no property), pay taxes and labor on building projects

Slaves (POW’s, criminals, debt servitude): mostly domestic servants

Patriarchy 1. Hammurabi’s code: men are head of household 2. Women get fewer rights after 2000 B.C.E.; by 1500 B.C.E. are wearing veils

The development of written cultural traditions - Reed stylus (wedge shaped) pressed in clay then baked - mostly commercial and tax documents

Education: vocation to be scribe or government official

Literature: astronomy, mathematics, abstract (religious and literary like Gilgamesh)

III- The broader influence of Mesopotamian society Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 1. Early Hebrews are pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt (second millennium B.C.E.)

- settle in cities - Abraham leads group to Palestine 1850 B.C.E. - Descendents borrow law of retribution and flood story from Mesopotamia

Some migrate to Egypt in eighteenth century B.C.E tribes become Israelites - Mesopotamia style monarchs with Jerusalem as its capital - David ( B.C.E. ) then Solomon ( B.C.E. )

Moses and monotheism Ten Commandments: moral and ethical standards for followers Compilation of teachings into Torah ( B.C.E.)

-Deportees return to Judea; become known as Jews (586 B.C.E.) -Prophets in this period increase devotion to people -Build distinct Jewish community in Judea with strong group identity

The Phoenicians -First settlers about 3000 B.C.E. ; develop kingdoms of independent city states

Little agriculture, live on trade and communication networks - Overland trade to Mesopotamia; influence on culture - Sea trade most important, get raw materials, trade for manufactured goods

Have early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E. )

-Linguists discover similarities between many languages; they must be related -Originate in steppes of Central Asia: pastoral people, B.C.E. - Domesticate horses; learn to ride; use horses with carts, then chariots

IV- Indo-European migrations Indo-European origins

Indo-European expansion and its effects Indo-European society breaks up about 3000 B.C.E.; peoples gradually migrate Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E. - build powerful kingdoms - conquer Babylonian empire 1595B.C.E. - dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E.

Technology: Light horse drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy

- Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E. -Other migrations: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, Britain - all pastoral agriculturalists - all speak related languages and worship similar deities - later wave of migrations to Iran and India (Aryan)

Egypt – northeastern Africa

A View of Egypt by Satellite

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c B. C. E. ?

Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E. Tutankham on B. C. E.

Egyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian Scribe

Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship ,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” phonetic symbols

Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10.Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Seti I B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E. Ramses II B. C. E.

Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

The Valley of the Kings

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask B. C. E.

King Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut B. C. E.

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? B. C. E.

The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life

Queen Nefertiti

Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II B. C. E.

Who Are These Strange People?

Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!