 Read the following excerpt from the Book of the Dead. Turn to your bellringer page and answer the following questions:  After reading this passage, what can you deduce about the afterlife and its importance in Egyptian daily life?  Why would someone be listing everything they did not do?

 Read the following excerpt from the Book of the Dead and Song of the Nile.  After reading this passage, what can you deduce about the afterlife and its importance in Egyptian daily life?  Why would someone be listing everything they did not do?

 Flooded once/ year (July) and receded in October leaving fertile soil  Lived along lower part of Nile early on…  Ended along the cataracts: churning rapids with jagged cliffs and boulders

 3200 BCE Egypt under rule of 2 different kings  3100 BCE Menes united Egypt  1 st dynasty of 31 that will last 2600 years

 Begins with 3 rd dynasty around 2660 BCE  Pharaohs were god-kings  Center of religion (theocracy)  Government  Military

 Pharaoh had an eternal spirit or ka  Resting place after death was a pyramid  More stone than Fertile Crescent

 More optimistic than Mesopotamia  Ra (god of sun) and Horus (god of light) most important  Over 2000 gods and goddesses  Afterlife- heart weighed

 All classes planned burials to safely reach Other World  Built tombs  Preserved the body through mummification  Put in coffin in tomb with scrolls, clothes, cosmetics, food, and jewelry

 Social classes were not set in stone  Could gain status through marriage  Slaves could gain freedom  Education could lead to high positions  Women had many similar rights as men  Own or trade property  Propose marriage or seek divorce  Entitlement to 1/3 of family property in divorce

 Pictographs quickly developed into hieroglyphics which means “sacred carving”  1srt written on stone and clay, but later on papyrus- reeds that grew in the marsh

 Look at the worksheet. Using the information provided, try to decipher the code.  Once you are finished, try creating your own hieroglyphics on a separate sheet of paper.

 Many inventions served a practical purpose  Numbers, addition, and subtraction for taxes  Geometry for boundaries of farms  Builders used mathematical calculations for constructing pyramids and monuments  Architects used columns in homes, palaces, temples  Calendar to help planting season  Medicine, pulse rate, splints, and surgery

 2180 BCE, power started to decline  First Intermediate Period (100 years)  Middle Kingdom BCE improved trade, transportation, and irrigation  1640 BCE Hyksos “chariot riders” took over for 70 years (Second Intermediate Period)  After that, the New Kingdom rises…

 Now had bronze weapons and 2 wheeled chariots  Army included archers, charioteers, and infantry  New crown- a battle helmet

HATSHEPSUTTHUTMOSE III  Declared self Pharaoh in 1472 BCE  Encouraged trade over warfare  Stepson of Hatsheput  Invaded Palestine, Syria, and Nubia

 BCE  Lived to 99 years old  Considered one of the greatest pharaohs  “The Great Ancestor”  Father of 150 children  Discovered in 1881, on display at Cairo Museum

 Taking Syria and Palestine led the Egyptians into conflicts with the Hittites  Met at Battle of Kadesh 1285 BCE– ended in standstill  Ramses II and Hittite king made a treaty that lasted the rest of the century

 Beautiful palaces, tombs, and temples were built but hidden from grave robbers  Chose Valley of Kings, near Thebes

 Attacked by “people of the sea”  Egypt never recovered  Broke apart regionally  Libyan pharaohs ruled Egypt and adopted culture  After that, the Nubians took over and also embraced Egyptian culture.

 Egypt ruled Kush for 1000 years  As Egypt declined, took over as power  Nubia was between first cataract and division of Blue and White Nile  Served as link between Africa and the Mediterranean

 Started a little after 2000 BCE  1 st Nubian kingdom  Buried in chambers larger than Egyptian princes  Prospered during Egypt’s Hyksos period  Done by Piankhi in 751 BCE

 Studied under Egyptians while ruled by Egypt  Adopted architecture, clothing, and customs from Egypt  Attempted to take over Libyans to help preserve culture

 Royal family moved here for better protection  More rich in resources, better weather  Traded along the Red Sea  Prospered 250 BCE – 150 CE