Chapter 12 October 19, 2009 Part I

 In the first half of the 16 th Century, religious conflict had been confined mostly to central Europe  The Lutherans and Zwinglians trying to secure rights and freedoms  In the second half of the century, the focus shifted west to France, The Netherlands, England and Scotland.

 Battle for Calvinists to be recognized  The Peace of Augsburg (1555) was the principal that a regions ruler determined it’s religion. Lutheranism became a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire.  Did not extend recognition to non-Lutheran Protestants. Other sects were prosecuted as heretical.

 Catholics began a counter offensive against what they saw as a heretical new religions.  This is known as the Counter Reformation

 Calvinism vs. Catholicism (Counter- Reformation)  Calvinism was more regionally and locally organized with boards of presbyters, or elders, directly shaping policy.  Catholicism believed in a centralized church system arranged in a strict order from pope to parish priest. Stressed unquestioning obedience to superiors.

 As Europe became engulfed in religious wars, some rulers managed to hold the worst of it in check by subordinating theological doctrine to political unity.  These rulers were knows as politiques. Some of the most famous include:  Elizabeth I of England  Other rulers who took their religious to the utmost seriousness never managed to achieve their political goals  Philip II of Spain  Mary I of England  Oliver Cromwell

 A new style of art appeared on the scene.  The baroque style emphasized heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines.  This style was especially appreciated by the Catholic Counter Reformation.

 French Protestants are known as Huguenots.  They had been under surveillance since the early 1520’s  Several major crackdowns on the Huguenots happened during this time  1 st : After the capture of King Francis I. The French hoped to pacify the anti-Protestant Emperor Charles V  2 nd : After Protestants plastered anti-Catholic pamphlets all over Paris. The Huguenots were then subjected to the Inquisition

 In 1559, King Henry II was killed during a lance tournament celebrating the marriage of his daughter to Philip II of Spain.  At this time, 3 major families vied to control the new king Francis II (who was 15 and physically frail and weak)  Guises  Bourbons  Montmorency-Chatillons

 The Guise Family took control of the king since their family members were in many positions of high importance  One brother was a general  Two brothers were cardinals  Mary, Queen of Scots was their niece  The Guise Family would be firmly allied with the Catholic cause while the Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillon developed strong Huguenot sympathies.