Netherlands Institute for Space Research Development of TES-microcalorimeter arrays and Frequency Domain Multiplexed read-out Henk Hoevers Division Sensor Research and Technology

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Research Facilities for TES-microcalorimeter array and FDM development Two Kelvinox 100 dilution fridges SQUID channels moveable slit to position X-ray beam (micron resolution) data-acquisition facilities: RT-, IV-curves, analog and digital pulse processing X-ray sources: 5.9 keV and 1.5/2.2/3.0/3.3/5.9 keV In-house clean room -> short turn-around times for detector research class processing on 4” wafers, sputter deposition, thermal evaporation, spinners, mask aligners, wire bonders, inspection equipment Staff Physicists: 6 fte (senior) scientists Electronics: 2.5 fte (senior) design engineers Support staff: 2.5 fte (mechanical, electronical, lab assistant) Clean room staff: 3 full-time persons

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Funding of TES-microcalorimeter array and FDM development SRON staff from NWO income (Dutch Organization for Scientific Research) ESA TRP contract ‘Cryogenic Imaging Spectrometer’ (XEUS – NFI2) SRON TES-based arrays (thin film processing, testing), prime contractor MESA+, Twente University, the Netherlands micromachining development VTT Automation Technology, Espoo, Finland SQUID development Space Research Center, Leicester, UK detector packaging, pulse processing University of Jyvaskyla, Finland material parameters at sub-Kelvin temperatures Metorex, Espoo, Finland electrical crosstalk simulations (dense wiring) SRON and partners will tender on X-10 (expected ESA TRP on array read-out)

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Set-up of the talk TES microcalorimeter array development Status of Frequency Domain Multiplexing Outlook area: energy resolution

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Microcalorimeter array development for XEUS; approach 1) development of 5 x 5 pixel array with XEUS specification 2) address/investigate scalability from 5 x 5 array to 32 x 32 array Production: fabrication of prototype 5 x 5 arrays following two routes bulk micromachining surface micromachining Performance characterization of 5 x 5 pixel arrays R(T), I(V) curves and their reproducibility noise and energy resolution Detector (re)design (5 x 5 -> 32 x 32) uses performance (and understanding) of 5 x 5 arrays additional measurements of all relevant low-temperature material parameters development of a Finite Element Model of the 5 x 5 array (thermal design) The Finite Element Model is also suited for performance analysis (time dependent pulse modeling) and investigation of other pixel sizes and/or geometries

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Bulk and surface micromachining (SRON-MESA); the 5 x 5 arrays TiAu TES (100 mK) and Cu absorber on slotted SiN membrane 240 μm

Netherlands Institute for Space Research R(T) and I(V) curves Bulk MM Three pixels in the same array Bulk MM Three pixels in different arrays/chips Surface MM Three pixels in the same array

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Bulk micromachining; pulse performance/energy resolution Effective time constant: τ eff = 300 to 400 μs This is times lower than expected (and what was designed for) Thermal conductance of SiN/Si(110) is times lower than of SiN/Si(100) Measured energy resolution ∆E = eV at 6 keV Resolution not understood; from the measured noise eV is expected Note: the best single pixels have ∆E = 3.9 eV and τ eff = 85 μs

Netherlands Institute for Space Research In progress: Bi-absorber arrays (7 μm thick with Cu bottom/thermalisation layer) Mushroom shaped absorbers: thermal evaporation and lift-off Problems encountered for XEUS sized pixels (240 x 240 μm 2 ) in 5 x 5 arrays: lift-off edges, particle-like anomalies, μ-cracks in Bi 5 x 5 array Bi absorbers Hat: 240 x 240 μm 2 Stem: 100 x 100 μm 2 Single pixel Bi-absorber Hat: 160 x 160 μm 2 Stem: 100 x 100 μm 2

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Advanced detector design through Finite Element Modelling (2D, 3D) Basic layout of a sensor pixel Measured and modelled thermal transport el-ph coupling in TES and absorber Kapitza coupling between TES - SiN conductance silicon nitride membranes conductance Si support beams thermal coupling of Si chip to heat bath Measured and modelled thermal transport el-ph coupling in TES and absorber Kapitza coupling between TES - SiN conductance silicon nitride membranes conductance Si support beams thermal coupling of Si chip to heat bath 5 x 5 pixel array 32 x 32 pixel array Material parameters and Finite Element Modeling

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Thermal coupling of detector pixels to heat bath Bare Si chip T chip = 187 mK T Si beam = 200 mK Cu coating back-side Si-chip T chip = 41 mK T Si beam = 140 mK Cu coating on Si beams and chip T chip = 41 mK T Si beam = 47 mK Finite Element Model of the XEUS array (1000 pixels of 10 pW each) Improvement of coupling to heat bath and a small thermal gradient in Si beam: proper heat bath Improvement of coupling chip to bath Future XEUS 32 x 32 pixel array SiN Si-beam Beam with Cu side view Si(110) beam Si-beam with Cu SiN Uncoated Si

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Array development - summary Array production based on bulk and surface micromachining The pixel to pixel performance in BMM and SMM arrays is quite good (R(T), I(V)) Thermal conductance of SiN on Si(110) is lower than expected -> τ eff too high To be measured: pixels with redesigned thermal support Improvement of ΔE from eV to values smaller than 5 eV needed Working on reduced sensitivity of set-up for EMI Working on more fundamental issues of the energy resolution Development of large mushroom-shaped absorbers is critical and has high priority The XEUS detector chip and pixels can be adequately cooled Detailed Finite Element Model is available for thermal design, all relevant low-temperature material parameters measured

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Frequency Domain Multiplexing - Motivation for multiplexed read-out Thermal aspects related to the read-out and biasing of one pixel Power dissipation: 10 pW/pixel Power dissipation; 100pW/shunt resistor Power dissipation: 1 nW/SQUID current amplifier Heat input through wiring (5 at minimum, 4 twisted-wire pairs preferred) Available cooling power XEUS ADR: mK 32 x 32 pixel array without multiplexing: only ~4 hours of operation!

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Frequency Domain Multiplexing AC-biasing of TES microcalorimeter TES acts as AM-modulator LC noise blocking filters One SQUID per column

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Need for loop gain Large dynamic range required (current pulse vs current noise) DR = = Φ 0 /(2Φ SQUID ) (1+L FLL ); low-noise VTT SQUID: L FLL > 1.4 Common impedance (SQUID input coil) leads to cross talk (from f 1 to f 2 ) CT = = [L c /(1+L FLL )/L]2; L FLL > 10 The SQUID is an non-linear component -> mixing products (from f 1 to f 2 ) CT = requires L FLL > 15

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Limitations of the achievable loop gain Phase rotation due to cable delay imposes: t delay.f operation < 0.11/L F; For an optimized cryostat with 20 cm distance between SQUID and warm electronics (t delay = 3 ns) Phase rotation of the amplifier (simulation performed for a 200 MHz amplifier with one pole zero compensation) Standard FLL Combining 32 channels (with 100 kHz seperation) requires 3 MHz L FLL ~ 3 MHz It requires very close packing and the available low loop gain is low; it implies an appreciable fraction of mixing products Baseband feedback The carrier is deterministic and carries no information (use it in the feedback) In principle, only the signal bandwidth (200 kHz) is relevant; it allows for high loop gains L FLL ~ 200 kHz

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Standard FLL Pro:Con: FLL proven concept- A-linearity in SQUID introduces crosstalk at 0.2% level - Common impedance leads to crosstalk at 0.4% level - Bandwidth limited to ~3 MHz, 32 close packed channels

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Pro:Con: L > 200 results in:Complex demux/mux electronics A-linearity in SQUID: crosstalk at < 0.01% level Idle-current cancellation not required Available bandwidth is up to ~10 MHz; allows for well-spaced carriers -> cross-talk due to common impedance is no longer a problem Baseband feedback

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Experimental status Frequency Domain Multiplexing (biasing of detectors) Biasing of microcalorimeter AC-bias measurements at 500 kHz to study potential switch-off behavior Microcalorimeter can be biased over the whole transition provided that the there is a small impedance in the biasing circuit low dielectric loss in C Set-up for 250 kHz FLL operational and optimized Electronic resolution of FLL electronics, bias sources and mixers/de-mixers, and SQUID for detector biased in normal state is at present 2 eV Tests with a TES microcalorimeter with 5 eV 6 keV (DC) AC-bias experiment at 50 kHz with keV Baseline noise 5 eV (~sensor dominated resolution) AC-bias experiment at 500 kHz with keV SQUID back-action noise (L SQUID ) limits resolution of 8-9 eV AC-bias experiment at 250 kHz with 7 6 keV Baseline noise eV (sensor dominated resolution)

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Status Frequency Domain Multiplexing (noise blocking filters) LC filters required with Q ~2500 (depends on carrier frequency) Washer-type superconducting coils Minimize dimensions (reduce intercoil cross-talk) Superconducting capacitors High dielectric constant (small components) Low dielectric losses (tan δ < 0.001; introduces resistance) Si 3 N 4 (VTT): Q = 2800 (compatibility of Si 3 N 4 process) Al 2 O 3 (SRON): Q = 300 (limited by critical current) Test structures: 2.4 to 240 nF; size up to 4 x 4 mm 2 Low leakage, R ~ 1 mΩ L = 100 nH 500  m

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Outlook area: energy resolution ΔE = 2.35 ξ [k B T 2 C] 1/2 Microcalorimeter physics Low heat capacity absorbers What motivates the improvement of ΔE? there is still very limited margin on ΔE with respect to the specification for XEUS and other applications the development of large area pixels with a good ΔE requires that ξ and/or C are as low as possible (and under control)

Netherlands Institute for Space Research Outlook – summary Detector physics – improvement of energy resolution (design: 1 – 1.5 eV) Typical energy resolution (measured)4 - 5 eV Possible improvement pulse filtering factor 1.5 – 2(Fixsen method) Possible improvement by ITFN reduction factor 1.5 – 2(TES with lower R N ) Device testing (single pixels and arrays) Large area pixels Low C materials: Bi, Sn Compatibility with large arrays? Design optimization, thermalization issues: ΔE and ΔE_xy (position dependence) Production Device testing (single pixels and arrays), E < 6 keV Absorber development