Wales- Cymru Identity and nationalism

Wales (2)-Modern Period Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness.Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).

Wales- Cymru After survival- growth

Wales-Cymru 1536 Act of Union1536 Act of Union 1546 First printed book in Welsh.1546 First printed book in Welsh Translation of Prayer Book and New Testament into Welsh.1567 Translation of Prayer Book and New Testament into Welsh. 1588: Translation of the whole Bible into Welsh- its influence.1588: Translation of the whole Bible into Welsh- its influence.

William Morgan and translation of Bible into Welsh

Wales -Modern Period 1707 Edward Lhuyd’s Archaeologia Britannica. Beginnings of Celtic Studies.1707 Edward Lhuyd’s Archaeologia Britannica. Beginnings of Celtic Studies. Mid 18 th century- the beginnings of Welsh non-conformity. Howel Harris. Rejection of Anglicanism.Mid 18 th century- the beginnings of Welsh non-conformity. Howel Harris. Rejection of Anglicanism : the circulating schools of Griffith Jones : the circulating schools of Griffith Jones 1743 The Methodist Association in Wales1743 The Methodist Association in Wales

Welsh Chapels

Wales Beginnings of industrialisation in Wales 1757.Beginnings of industrialisation in Wales Iron works,Iron works, coal-mining,coal-mining, tin works.tin works. Dowlais,Dowlais, Merthyr Tudful,Merthyr Tudful,

Collier and pit-pony

Wales -Modern Period Beginnings of industrialization in Wales:Beginnings of industrialization in Wales: The first iron-works in 1757 in Hirwaun, south Wales.The first iron-works in 1757 in Hirwaun, south Wales. The centre of Welsh culture and history shifts to the south-east, the iron works and then the coal industry.The centre of Welsh culture and history shifts to the south-east, the iron works and then the coal industry.

Wales (2)-Modern Period Wales had by then (late 18 th century and 19 th century) become a non-conformist Protestant nation, largely Welsh-speaking (only) and for most of the population living in an industrialized environment (after 1860).Wales had by then (late 18 th century and 19 th century) become a non-conformist Protestant nation, largely Welsh-speaking (only) and for most of the population living in an industrialized environment (after 1860).

The Methodist Revival Key names: Howell Harris, Daniel Rowlands and the most prominent: William Williams Pantycelyn. (often just called Pantycelyn).Key names: Howell Harris, Daniel Rowlands and the most prominent: William Williams Pantycelyn. (often just called Pantycelyn). Methodism in Wales was a break with Anglicanism (not officially until the early 19 th century). It was an evangelical form of Protestantism inspired by the works of Calvin.Methodism in Wales was a break with Anglicanism (not officially until the early 19 th century). It was an evangelical form of Protestantism inspired by the works of Calvin.

The Methodist Revival Pantycelyn was a great writer of religious poems (we would call them hymns) still popular today.Pantycelyn was a great writer of religious poems (we would call them hymns) still popular today. Another great eighteenth century Welsh religious writer was Ann Griffiths ( ), who died shortly after childbirth at the early age of 29.Another great eighteenth century Welsh religious writer was Ann Griffiths ( ), who died shortly after childbirth at the early age of 29. Following her death her hymns were written down by her maid’s husband. They are love-songs, full of vividimages and meatphors, reflecting a deep knowledge of the Bible and the beliefs of the Non- conformists (all the non-Anglican versions of Protestantism).Following her death her hymns were written down by her maid’s husband. They are love-songs, full of vividimages and meatphors, reflecting a deep knowledge of the Bible and the beliefs of the Non- conformists (all the non-Anglican versions of Protestantism).

The Methodist Revival By the nineteenth century, Welsh Nonconformity was no longer a radical force in religious terms, but rathera social force and institution that dominated Welsh all aspects of Welsh culture.By the nineteenth century, Welsh Nonconformity was no longer a radical force in religious terms, but rathera social force and institution that dominated Welsh all aspects of Welsh culture. Religious leaders were now the leaders of society in Wales and they disapproved of the older folk culture of Wales.Religious leaders were now the leaders of society in Wales and they disapproved of the older folk culture of Wales.

Rediscovering roots: Iolo Morgannwg Iolo Morgannwg ( ) was a prolific poet and keen promoter of ancient Welsh history.Iolo Morgannwg ( ) was a prolific poet and keen promoter of ancient Welsh history. He claimed to have ‘discovered’ many poems by the 14 th century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym in local manuscripts but they were many invented.He claimed to have ‘discovered’ many poems by the 14 th century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym in local manuscripts but they were many invented. He felt that Glamorganshire, his placeplace, deserved a rich literary history, and so he partly invented it!He felt that Glamorganshire, his placeplace, deserved a rich literary history, and so he partly invented it!

Wales -Modern Period First census in Wales population of Wales 587,000.First census in Wales population of Wales 587,000. Separation of Welsh Methodists from the Church of England (Anglicans).Separation of Welsh Methodists from the Church of England (Anglicans). Merthyr Riots Beginnings of unionisation.Merthyr Riots Beginnings of unionisation. Rebecca Riots Rebecca Riots

Wales (2)-Modern Period a contingent of Welsh people leave for Patagonia in Argentina, founding the still existing and thriving Welsh settlements in South America a contingent of Welsh people leave for Patagonia in Argentina, founding the still existing and thriving Welsh settlements in South America –The University of Wales opens (in Aberystwyth).1872 –The University of Wales opens (in Aberystwyth).

University of Wales, Aberystwyth

CYMRU/WALES (4)

Wales -Modern Period the Cymru Fydd movement is founded the Cymru Fydd movement is founded the foundation of the South Wales Miners’ Federation. The ‘FED’.1898-the foundation of the South Wales Miners’ Federation. The ‘FED’ Lloyd George becomes first Welsh prime- minister of the UK.1916-Lloyd George becomes first Welsh prime- minister of the UK Plaid Cymru is founded. The National Party of Wales.1925 Plaid Cymru is founded. The National Party of Wales.

Wales -Modern Period Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness.Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).

Wales -Modern Period Saunders Lewis”s Fate of the Language” radio lecture in 1962.Saunders Lewis”s Fate of the Language” radio lecture in the formation of the Welsh Language Society (non-violent pressure group, civil disobedience) the formation of the Welsh Language Society (non-violent pressure group, civil disobedience).

The Trefechan Bridge Protest 1963

Wales -Modern Period Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns:Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns: –Road signs in Welsh. –The creation of a Welsh-language television channel. –

Tryweryn

Gwynfor Evans

Wales -Modern Period 1964-Creation of the Welsh Office, and James Griffiths appointed first Secretary of State for Wales.1964-Creation of the Welsh Office, and James Griffiths appointed first Secretary of State for Wales first Welsh Language Act.(‘equal status’in law-courts)1967-first Welsh Language Act.(‘equal status’in law-courts) 1973-Kilbrandon Commission recommends creation of regional parliament for Wales.1973-Kilbrandon Commission recommends creation of regional parliament for Wales.

Wales -Modern Period Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns:Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns: –Road signs in Welsh. –The creation of a Welsh-language television channel.

Wales -Modern Period first referendum on Welsh parliament (assembly) first referendum on Welsh parliament (assembly) Welsh-language television channel (S4C) set up.1982-Welsh-language television channel (S4C) set up creation of the Welsh language board as a consultative body creation of the Welsh language board as a consultative body.

Wales -Modern Period census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak Wales census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak Wales Second Welsh Language Act passed.1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed – Welsh National Assembly opens in Cardiff.1999 – Welsh National Assembly opens in Cardiff Appointment of first Language Commissioner2011- Appointment of first Language Commissioner

Second referendum In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales.In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales. A referendum was held on 18 September It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.A referendum was held on 18 September It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.

The National Assembly for Wales The establishment of the national Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.The establishment of the national Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales. Wales remains part of the UK.Wales remains part of the UK. New powers.New powers.

Welsh Assembly (in Cardiff)

Y Senedd

National Assembly for Wales

The National Assembly for Wales The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales. Wales remains part of the UK.Wales remains part of the UK. New powers.New powers.

Wales -Modern Period census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak Wales. How?1991- census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak Wales. How? 1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed.1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed. age_Act_1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Langu age_Act_1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Langu age_Act_1993http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Langu age_Act_1993

The 1993 Language Act 'in the course of public business and the administration of justice, so far as is reasonably practicable, the Welsh and English languages are to be treated on the basis of equality.''in the course of public business and the administration of justice, so far as is reasonably practicable, the Welsh and English languages are to be treated on the basis of equality.' Basically the Act did three things:Basically the Act did three things: set up the Welsh Language Board, answerable to the Secretary of State for Wales, with the duty of promoting the use of Welsh and ensuring compliance with the other provisions.set up the Welsh Language Board, answerable to the Secretary of State for Wales, with the duty of promoting the use of Welsh and ensuring compliance with the other provisions.Welsh Language Board Secretary of State for WalesWelsh Language Board Secretary of State for Wales gave Welsh speakers the right to speak Welsh in court proceedingsgave Welsh speakers the right to speak Welsh in court proceedings obliged all organisations in the public sector providing services to the public in Wales to treat Welsh and English on an equal basisobliged all organisations in the public sector providing services to the public in Wales to treat Welsh and English on an equal basis

New Language Act 2011 LCO (Legislative Competence Order)LCO (Legislative Competence Order) Proposed new measure on the Welsh Language had been expected by summer 2010.Proposed new measure on the Welsh Language had been expected by summer e.pdfhttp:// e.pdfhttp:// e.pdfhttp:// e.pdf

Second referendum In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales.In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales. A referendum was held on 18 September It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.A referendum was held on 18 September It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.

Y Senedd

National Assembly for Wales

The National Assembly for Wales The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales. Wales remains part of the UK.Wales remains part of the UK. New powers.New powers.