On the Eve of a New World Order – Democratic Revolutions

England Popular Tudors followed by Stuarts James I and Charles I unpopular Divine right Friendship with Catholic Spain Ruled without Parliament Imprisoned people without trial

England cont Parliament issues the Petition of Right Cannot levy taxes without Parliament’s consent Can’t imprison people without a specific charge habeas corpus) Could not quarter (house) troops in private homes without consent

English Civil War Conflict between Stuarts and Parliament (dominated by Puritans) Charles I beheaded Parliament wins Oliver Cromwell rules England Dictatorship Puritan intolerance of Anglicanism Severe Puritan moral code

English Civil War cont. Cromwell dies, Stuarts rule again Charles II new king but makes reforms Pledges to observe Magna Carta and Petition of Right Habeas Corpus Act – no arrest without court order Must be charged, can have bail

English Civil War cont. James II antagonizes Parliament again The Glorious Revolution Parliament offers the crown to William and Mary Bloodless revolution – restores peace to England Bill of Rights passed Toleration Act passed (religious)

Democratic Revolutions Earlier democratic reforms in England with the Glorious Revolution Democratic traditions long part of English history Magna Carta Jury System Parliament Common Law Petition of Right

American Revolution Neglected colonies for 150 years – Salutary Neglect Mercantilism – favorable trade for GB French and Indian War (7 Year’s War) – GB v. France for control of N. America England wins N. America from the French – new restrictions and taxes to pay for the war First Continental Congress - Colonial defiance and resistance – demonstrations, boycotts, protests, committees, Boston Tea Party Colonies had all been separate

American Revolution cont. April 1775, Lexington & Concord – First shots (“heard around the world”) 2 nd Continental Congress: George Washington in command Declaration of Independence (1776) by Thomas Jefferson – based on Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, etc Americans defeat British (Cornwallis surrenders to Washington) win independence

American Revolution cont. Articles of Confederation – first government (weak, couldn’t tax, raise and army, regulate trade, etc.) Why? Philadelphia – went to revise Articles New government entirely – Constitution Separation of powers  Legislative – makes laws  Executive – enforces laws  Judicial – interprets laws

American Revolution cont. Checks and balances – each branch limits the others (veto, appointments, controlling $) Bicameral – 2 house legislature Senate – 2 per state House of Representatives – based on population

American Revolution cont. Not approved until Bill of Rights added First 10 amendments to the Constitution 1 – speech, press, religion, assembly, petition 2 – bear arms 3 – no quartering of troops 4 – no unreasonable searches & seizures

Amendments cont. 5 – Rights of the accused Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self- incrimination, can’t take property without compensation 6 – Rights of the accused Speedy and public trial, impartial jury, informed of the charges, confront witnesses, lawyer 7 – Jury trial in civil suit (over $20) 8 – No unreasonable fine, punishment, bail Only 27 total amendments in over 200 years!

The French Revolution Fundamental causes – Abuses of the Old Regime King Louis XVI ruled by divine right Ministers selected by favoritism, not ability Censored press and speech Lettres de cachet – imprisoned enemies indefinitely w/out charge, trial, bail People had no voice in government

Causes cont. 3 distinct classes - Estates First – clergy Second – nobility Third – the rest (bourgeoisie – bankers, manufacturers, professionals, city workers, peasants – made up 97% of the population!) 1 st and 2 nd estates owned most land, power, held best jobs, exempt from most taxes

Causes cont. Enlightenment ideas spread new views on gov’t. power & authority (Am. Rev. also) Louis XVI spent vast sums of money on Versailles, helping Americans in Revolution Inflation, poor harvests Weak king who failed to act Forced to call Estates General (legislature) 1 st had 300 representatives 2 nd had 300 representatives 3 rd had 600 representatives

Causes & Revolution Voted by Estate not by numbers so vote was always 2 to 1 Third Estate brings cahiers – grievances to the king The Revolution begins – liberte’, egalite’, fraternite’ Third Estate declares themselves a National Assembly; locked out of meeting hall Tennis Court Oath – pledged a constitution

Revolution Bastille is destroyed (7/14/89) – hated symbol of the Old Regime (French ind. day) Great Fear sweeps countryside; uprisings National Assembly abolishes special privileges Declaration of the Rights of Man (from England and American history) Church lands broken up and sold to peasants Abolished Church tithes, guaranteed freedom of religion Constitution of 1791 – Legislative Assembly would pass laws (Constitutional Monarchy)

Revolution cont. Emigres (nobles who had fled France) Sans-culottes (shopkeepers/wage-earners who wanted more voice in gov.) All struggled to influence politics; led to violence Coalition and war against France: Austria, GB, Holland, Spain, Prussia National Convention (new gov) 1792 – Monarchy abolished & Republic declared

Revolution – The Terror Girondists (moderates) vs. Jacobins (radicals) (Maximilien Robespierre, Marat, Danton) Louis XVI is tried for treason, executed by guillotine (along with Marie Antoinette) Robespierre emerges - Committee of Public Safety (Jacobins) Reign of Terror - all enemies crushed; mass executions by guillotine; lost support Reaction: Convention executes Robespierre New Constitution – Directory created (moderate)

Napoleon Bonaparte Coup d’etat – swift overthrow of government Declared himself Emperor Napoleon Concordat w/ Church; recognizes Catholicism as majority religion Centralized local government under his authority; local officials answered to him; more efficient

Accomplishments Economic reforms: revamped tax collection, price controls, encouraged industry Furthered public education Napoleonic Code – legal code that included certain civil rights (jury, etc.)religious toleration, promotion based on merit Women lose rights Public works (roads, bridges, etc.)

Napoleon’s Downfall - Wars Fought wars against neighboring countries Continental System – attempt to prevent British trade with Europe (blockade) Sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. Invaded Russia – Russians retreated, French lines too far extended, Russians destroyed and burned everything “scorched earth.”

Napoleon cont. French forced to retreat; lost ¾ of his army Nations eventually unite and defeat him at Waterloo (Belgium) Exiled to St. Helena where he died