Looking back at photosynthesis sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 ATP ADP H2OH2O O2O2 sunlight CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 light energy  +++ Sugar Building Reactions Energy Building Reactions Plants make both:  ATP  sugars

ATP What is energy in biology? Whoa! Hot stuff! Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy

CO 2 + H 2 O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2O2 “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step ATP CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP (+ heat) respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps food (carbohydrates) O2O2

Using ATP to do work? A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! Can’t store ATP  too unstable  only used in cell that produces it  only short term energy storage  carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage ATP ADP + P work

A Body’s Energy Budget eat food synthesis resting energy activity temperature control { growth reproduction { storage glycogen fat { ATP

Harvesting energy stored in food  Cellular respiration  breaking down food to produce ATP  in mitochondria  using oxygen  formula shows glucose, but that is just an example  could be other sugars, fats or proteins glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  heat

What do we need to make energy?  The “Furnace”  mitochondria  Fuel  food  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  The Helpers  oxygen  “aerobic”  enzymes O2O2 food ATP Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices!

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs/Citric acid cycle 3. Electron transport chain 2 32 Aerobic Anaerobic Three Stages 2

Breaking it down…  Step 1 = _____________  Anaerobic  Occurs in cytoplasm  Glucose in  Pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP out glycolysis

Let’s keep on trucking…  Step 2 = ____________  aka Krebs cycle – the merry-go-round of energy!  Aerobic  Occurs in mitochondria in  Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH in out  2 ATP, carbon dioxide, hydrogens, and energized electrons out Citric acid cycle

The big finale!  Step 3 = __________________  Aerobic  Occurs in mitochondria release of energy make  Stair step release of energy from electrons used to make 32 ATP and water Electron transport chain

There are two types of respiration:

What if oxygen is missing?  Can’t complete aerobic respiration  Occurs in the cytoplasm  alcohol fermentation  yeast  glucose  ATP + CO 2 + alcohol  make beer, wine, bread  lactic acid fermentation  bacteria, animals  glucose  ATP + lactic acid  make yogurt  animals feel muscle fatigue O2O2 but only makes a net of 2 ATP!

The BIG picture Oxygen, glucose, and water in Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water out

How are they connected? glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  +++ Respiration + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++ Photosynthesis

H2OH2O Energy cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun The Great Circle of Life! Where ’ s Mufasa? glucose O2O2 CO 2 plants animals, plants ATP

PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration Food synthesizedFood broken down Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released Carbon dioxide taken inCarbon dioxide given off Oxygen given offOxygen taken in Also produces glucoseAlso produces H 2 O + ATP Requires lightDoes not require light Needs chlorophyllOccurs in all cells

Happens in the cytoplasm !!! 2 Pyruvic Acid

Alcohol Fermentation  Used to make bread and alcohol products  uses yeast  Produces CO2 and alcohol  In making bread alcohol burns off and CO2 makes bread rise  In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used to produce the beverage, CO2 is released

No oxygen present in some plants or fungi- Anaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation  Used to make yogurt and some cheeses – the producer of these is bacteria OR  When muscles are overly exerted the oxygen is depleted in the cells. Lactic acid then builds up in animal cells and causes muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next day.

No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria. Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 Lactic Acid

We use lactic acid fermentation  When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP requirements in our muscles. Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise  The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle)  This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt – You have to continue to breathe hard in order to make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to glucose.  Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in animals !

Electron Transport Chain This is our friend NADH

Putting it all together  Making a living…  sunlight  leaves = solar collectors  photosynthesis  gases: CO 2 in & O 2 out  stomates = gases in & out H2OH2O  roots take in water from soil  pulled up by leaf evaporation  nutrients  roots take in from soil

Leaf Structure H2OH2OCO 2 O2O2 H2OH2O phloem (sugar) xylem (water) stomate guard cell palisades layer spongy layer cuticle epidermis  gases in & out  water out  transpiration O2O2

Stomates  Function of stomates  CO 2 in  O 2 out  H 2 O out guard cell stomate

Xylem carry water up from roots

Phloem: food-conducting cells  carry sugars down to wherever they are needed  Extra stored in roots

Glucose Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid- (Muscle Lab) (animals & bacteria) Without Oxygen With Oxygen Without Oxygen Ethanol — Yeast & Apple Juice Mini- Lab-(only some fungi and some plants )

CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION CYTOPLASM (2) Pyruvic Acid +2 ATP +about 32 ATP ABOUT 36 ATP !

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic = does not require oxygen  (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of 2 ATP  Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria  Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants  Occurs in the cytoplasm  Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle

Aerobic Respiration  Aerobic = requires oxygen  Occurs in the mitochondria  Breaks down glucose completely and creates a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP  Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle