SEADMC 2009 Overview of Regional and International Disaster Management & Emergency Response Mechanisms 2 December 2009.

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Presentation transcript:

SEADMC 2009 Overview of Regional and International Disaster Management & Emergency Response Mechanisms 2 December 2009

Agenda Definitions The Dilemma Paradigms Where are we now? Organizational Sectoral Functional Where are we now? Where are we going?

Definitions Disaster Management – continuous process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards Emergency Response – mobilization of emergency response capabilities to address the needs of the affected population Why concerns ourselves with disaster management & emergency response? The answers are pretty obvious. Disasters are significant economic set-backs to a society and may result in significant loss of life and suffering. Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits - more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries; and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries (Source: World Bank). Poorly planned development can turn a recurring natural phenomenon into a human and economic disaster. As the Asia and Pacific regions annually contain about half of the world’s disasters, this topic is of some import. It is especially important since those 50% of the world’s disasters in the region result in 85% of the world’s causalities and damage (Source: Pacific Disaster Center). Emergency Response – mobilization of emergency response capabilities to address the needs of the affected population. This involves local emergency response assets such as police, fire, local emergency services, and could include specialized capabilities such as search and rescue, humanitarian organizations and international responders.

Definitions Mechanism A process, technique or system for achieving results Captured in: Plans Guidelines Procedures There are internal & external mechanisms Most of the internal mechanisms are well-developed External mechanisms between systems are in various stages of development A mechanism for the purposes of a discussion on disaster management and emergency response is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents (Source: Wikipedia [no additional source cited].) Merriam-Webster Dictionary Definition: A process, technique or system for achieving results.

The Dilemma Are we better prepared and more capable today? To respond to another occurrence of the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis? To respond to a major disaster resulting from the explosion of Anak Krakatau volcano?

Paradigms Organizational: States (affected, assisting & transit) Regional Organization(s) Humanitarian UN Agencies, Funds, & Programs International Organizations (IOs) Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement Civil Society (local)

Paradigms Affected State ASEAN Multinational Coordination Center Military National Disaster Management Agency OGAs Assisting Nations (non-regional) Multinational Coordination Center UN Country Team UNDAC / CMCoord ASEAN AHA Centre / SASOPs Nations International Humanitarians (Describe the international framework as it exists in nations of ASEAN)

Chinese Taipei Hong Kong Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Paradigms APEC Chinese Taipei Hong Kong Chile Mexico Peru *6 Party Talks FPDA in Red BIMSTEC in Purple MPAT Underlined Mongolia E.Timor France DPRK* Papua New Guinea EU Canada US* Russia* SAARC Cook Islands, FSM, Fiji, Kiribati, RMI, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Solomons, Samoa, Tuvalu, Tonga, Vanuatu Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Australia New Zealand Maldives Bhutan Nepal India PIF China* Japan* South Korea* APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries (styled 'member economies') to cooperate on regional trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. APEC's objective is to enhance economic growth and prosperity in the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community. ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully. BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member countries of this group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. The aims and purposes is to create an enabling environment for rapid economic development, accelerate social progress in the sub-region, promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest, provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities, cooperate more effectively in joint efforts that are supportive of, and complementary to national development plans of member states, maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organizations, and cooperate in projects that can be dealt with most productively on a sub-regional basis and which make best use of available synergies. BIMSTEC was initiated with the goal to combine the 'Look West' policy of Thailand and ASEAN with the 'Look East' policy of India and South Asia. So it could be explained that BIMSTEC is a link between ASEAN and SARRC. PIF: Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental organization which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. Member states are: Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Since 2006, associate members territories are New Caledonia and French Polynesia.[1] Fiji was suspended on 2 May 2009. MPAT: Multinational Planning Augmentation Team Program. ASEAN Dialogue Partners UK Italy Germany Cambodia Laos Myanmar ASEAN Regional Forum East Asia Summit Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam ASEAN +3 ASEAN 8

Paradigms Functional Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster Response International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction Development Efforts Disaster Response Local Emergency Management (fire, police, emergency medical) Lead Emergency Management Agency International Search and Rescue Humanitarian Relief Organizations

(Identify Needs and Available Capabilities & Resources) Paradigms Pre-event Post-event Disaster Management Needs Assessments: (Identify Needs and Available Capabilities & Resources) Needs Analysis: Basic Needs - Available Resources Outstanding Requirements Appeals & RFAs: Relief / Donor Action: Aid / Resource Delivery Information Sharing Crisis Emergency Response Prevention/ Mitigation Preparedness Rehabilitation / Recovery Information Sharing Disaster Management & Emergency Response are inseparable yet very distinct. Disaster management encompasses is entire spectrum of actions: Deliberate actions are focused to prevent undesirable events, mitigate the effects if they do occur, and also make preparations in the event disasters occur in the future. Responding to a crisis resulting from a disaster is also a key part of disaster management but reacting to crises is much more expensive in the short & long-term than preventing & mitigating the effects of disasters. After the crisis response is complete, recovery efforts may take a long time to restore livelihoods and repair and rebuild. Planning for disasters should be very deliberate with steps take to reduce the impacts of disasters but this cannot occur when disaster strikes suddenly and lives are at risk. In these instances, responders must know how the crisis response system is organized, the role of the affected nations’ emergency management agency, how to cooperate with other responders such as the UN system, and how to coordinate amongst each other. All this take skilled, trained, and knowledgeable personnel to do it correctly. Unfortunately, crisis response is usually ad hoc and frequently impacted by those not well-trained in the mission. Knowledge of the laws, rules, regulations and guidelines is lacking. What laws, rules, regulations and guidelines exist often vary significantly between nations and organizations. INFORMATION SHARING is essential to emergency response but there is no one in charge of information sharing. There is not even agreement on how to do it.

Paradigms Local / National Response International Civilian Relief Need for Assistance Local / National Response International Military Relief International Civilian Relief Time Emergency Relief Phase “Transition” Point Rehabilitation / Reconstruction Local / National Response International Civilian Relief International Governmental Relief

Civil-Military Domain Military-Military Domain Paradigms Civil-Civil Domain Civil-Military Domain Military-Military Domain International-National (Strategic-Policy) Level or Applicable To All Crises Operational (Planner) Level Natural Disaster Related Local (Field-Tactical) Level Complex Contingency Related

Paradigms Sectoral Cluster Approach – a mechanism that can help to address identified gaps in response and enhance the quality of humanitarian action Globally: strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to respond to humanitarian emergencies by ensuring that there is predictable leadership and accountability in all the main sectors or areas of humanitarian response Nationally: strengthen humanitarian response by demanding high standards of predictability, accountability and partnership in all sectors or areas of activity

Where are we now? Given the various ways of approaching disaster management & emergency response, organizational adjustments, promulgations of guidelines and mechanisms, activities and supporting efforts, are we better prepared?

Disaster Relief SOP Matrix (draft as of: 22 March 2009) Inclusive (applicable to all) UN-specific Humanitarian Community Civil-Military Military SOPs Inter-governmental Technical / Other Guidance / SOPs Over-arching Guidelines for the Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance (IFRC) Basic Guidelines UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182 of 19 Dec 1991 Sphere Handbook: Minimum Standards in Disaster Response UN CMCoord Concept DPKO Civ-Mil Coordination Policy Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) International Search and Rescue Response Manual (INSARAG Guidelines) Tampere Convention Operational Guidance on Designating Sector/Cluster Leads in Ongoing Emergencies Use of Military or Armed Escorts for Humanitarian Convoys MPAT Program Multinational Force SOPs (MNF SOP) ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management & Emergency Response Management of Dead Bodies in Disaster Situations (PAHO/WHO, undergoing revision) Code of Conduct for Red Cross / Red Crescent & NGOs Suggested Guidance for Implementing InterAction’s Minimum Operating Security Standards Use of Military & Civil Defense Assets in Intl Disaster Relief (Oslo Guidelines) NATO Handbook ARF Statement on Disaster Management & Emergency Response Management of Dead bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders (WHO/PAHO) Natural Disasters WHO-PAHO Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disasters ARF Strategic Guidelines for HADR IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters; IASC Guidance Note on the Cluster Approach ASEAN SASOP Charter On Cooperation To Achieve The Coordinated Use Of Space Facilities In The Event Of Natural Or Technological Disasters Complex Contin-gencies UN in Iraq (08 MAY 03) Manual on Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups Civil-Military Relationship in Complex Emergencies (IASC Ref Paper) DFID “How to Note” on Country Governance Analysis UN in Afghanistan Operational Protection in Camps and Settlements Guidelines on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets To Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies A Guide to the International Mine Action Standard UN in Liberia Guidelines for Relations between US Armed Forces and Nongovernmental Humanitarian Organizations (NGHOs)

Framework for Disaster Management and Emergency Response Aus-Indonesia APEC Proposal ARF PACOM & MPAT TSD & OCHA ASEAN AHA Centre  July 05 AADMER SASOPS  ARDEX Series  ARF Workplan? ARF VDR ? ARF General Guidelines 09 Dec 08 & 10-11 Dec 08 ARF Shepherds & ARF ISM DR Banda Aceh July 06 ARF Statement DM&ER 02 Aug 07 14th ARF May 08 ARF DR TTX 24 July 08 15th ARF Dec 04 Tsunami ARF HADR SOP  ARF Strat Guidelines ARF Stby Arrangements ? 30-31 Oct 07  UN OCHA APC-MADRO 27 June 08 TSD Joint Statement 05-06 Nov 08 UN OCHA APC-MADRO 02-03 Dec 08 TSD DR Experts Mtg UN Regional DR Guidelines Development Regional CONOPS Development MNF SOP  AFP-US HADR CONOPS  MPAT  TE Series 11-13 Dec 07 AUS-US HADR Logistics Mtg 15-17 Jul 08 AUS-US HADR Logistics Mtg 11-12 Sep 08 SAMAHAN TTX Mar/ Apr 09 MPAT TE-16 HADR CONOPS Testing UN CMCoord Training Program Nov 08 Cambodia Strategic Capacity Bldg

Mechanism Affected State Mechanisms Assisting Non States ASEAN Humanitarian Community Mechanisms Bilateral HA/DR CONOPS MNF SOP Cluster Approach SASOP

Scenario Response System Humanitarian Community How does everyone know? ASEAN Affected State Assisting States Non ASEAN

Where are we going? What will the future of disaster management and emergency response be? Will we continue down the current path of incremental improvements? Will there be a move toward greater cohesion? Will there be a paradigm shift?

Where are we going? What will the future of disaster management and emergency response be? How will the role of major actors and stakeholders change (i.e., governments, humanitarians, regional and international organizations)? Who will be in charge?

Discussion