Chapter 2 Interrogation and Forensic Reporting © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Historical Development (Obj 2.1, 2.2) England 1115 — The Laws of Henry I outlined the legal customs during that reign 1748 — the first magistrate appointed to prosecute criminals 1829 — Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act, creating the first modern police force Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Historical Development (Obj 2.1, 2.2) The United States 1790 — NY City has a fully operational daytime paid police force U.S. Department of Justice Attorney General position created by the U.S. constitution 1908 — the DOJ organizes a group of 34 special agents and called the Bureau of Investigation Why larger cities require more police presence than smaller cities? Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Historical Development (Obj 2.1, 2.2) The United States (cont.) Edgar J. Hoover Established new professional standards for employment and promotion in the Bureau 1924 — created central storage for fingerprints 1932 — created a crime lab 1935 — name changed to the FBI Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Ethics (Obj 2.3) A written code of ethics describes a process for enforcing appropriate conduct by a profession’s members and usually establishes a system for the investigation and resolution of alleged unethical conduct. Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Ethics (Obj 2.3) The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) Do you have a Code of Ethics in clubs or organizations that you associated with? Explain the importance of them. Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Bias (Obj 2.3) Criminal investigations must try to avoid bias Minimize preconceived notions about any aspect of the case - such as victim or suspect Bias can affect the evaluation Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Miranda Warning You have the right to remain silent Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to talk to a lawyer and have him present with you while you are being questioned. If you cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning if you wish. You can decide at any time to exercise these rights and not answer any questions or make any statement WAIVER: Do you understand each of these rights I have explained to you? Having these rights in mind, do you wish to talk to us now? Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interviewing Techniques (Obj 2.4, 2.5, 2.6) Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interviewing Techniques (Obj 2.4, 2.5, 2.6) Interviewing Children Make the child feel as safe and comfortable as possible Techniques vary depending upon age and the nature of the crime Questions are prepared in advance The setting is in a private location The interview is usually videotaped Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interviewing Techniques (Obj 2.4, 2.5, 2.6) Children in the Courtroom Children are naturally very truthful Make sure the child understand the responsibilities of being a witness The judge must consider the emotional impact on the child Should the child face the alleged perpetrator? Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interrogation—Preparing Review all documentation Witness statement Police reports Physical evidence collected Laboratory reports Follow established guidelines Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interrogation—Physical Setting Privacy Soundproof room Minimal furniture Speaker system Mirror/Glass for observation Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interrogation—Organizing Interviewer Establishes control Explains the suspect’s 5th & 6th amendment rights Shows evidence to support the case Body language is very deliberate Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Interrogation—Models Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Signs of Deception A combination of behaviors Eye and mouth movements Not looking directly into the interviewer’s eyes Arms crossed Cover the mouth Shifting position abruptly Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Reporting Information Be accurate Be truthful Be objective Be comprehensive Forensic Science II: Interrogation and Forensic Reporting, Chapter 2 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved