How to Study Why Study -$, Love, Happiness, Health Why is studying such a drag? Language is made of symbols Symbols- ق ×∞G5©$

Symbols represent other things Words are sounds that represent things Words are sounds that represent things Cat-(Gato)-- Letters represents sounds Cat-(Gato)-- Letters represents sounds Phonics is decoding word as Sounds Phonics is decoding word as Sounds Reading is decoding word for meaning Reading is decoding word for meaning So with all these symbols coding and then decoding there are many places for miscoding to occur So with all these symbols coding and then decoding there are many places for miscoding to occur

Coding and Decoding Morse Code Put letters into dots and dashes Morse Code Put letters into dots and dashes S is three dots O is three dashes S is three dots O is three dashes A ship in trouble put out …---…SOS A ship in trouble put out …---…SOS This meant Save Our Ship and any ship that heard it headed to help This meant Save Our Ship and any ship that heard it headed to help So the message is put into code then decoded because there is a common code book used So the message is put into code then decoded because there is a common code book used

A Dictionary is the Codebook The English language has been developing for so many centuries many words now have many meanings The English language has been developing for so many centuries many words now have many meanings The word “do” has 30 definitions not counting the sub definitions The word “do” has 30 definitions not counting the sub definitions When you put the wrong thing in the code it turns into blankness or confusion like in Morse Code thinking 3 dots codes for M. The ship would send out MOM When you put the wrong thing in the code it turns into blankness or confusion like in Morse Code thinking 3 dots codes for M. The ship would send out MOM

Examples The point was whether to leave the auto to be sobiratted by the rozzes or, us feeling like in a hate and murder mood, to give it a fair tolchock into the starry waters for a nice heavy loud plesk before the death of the evening. The point was whether to leave the auto to be sobiratted by the rozzes or, us feeling like in a hate and murder mood, to give it a fair tolchock into the starry waters for a nice heavy loud plesk before the death of the evening. From “A Clockwork Orange” From “A Clockwork Orange” by Anthony Burgess by Anthony Burgess

Translation The point was whether to leave the auto to be sobiratted by the rozzes or, us feeling like in a hate and murder mood, to give it a fair tolchock into the starry waters for a nice heavy loud plesk before the death of the evening. The point was whether to leave the auto to be sobiratted by the rozzes or, us feeling like in a hate and murder mood, to give it a fair tolchock into the starry waters for a nice heavy loud plesk before the death of the evening. Sobirat-to pick up Rozz-policeman Sobirat-to pick up Rozz-policeman Tolchock-to hit or push Starry –ancient Tolchock-to hit or push Starry –ancient Plesk-splash Plesk-splash

Scientists usually follow observations with inferences. Scientists usually follow observations with inferences. Infer-to derive as a conclusion from facts or premises Infer-to derive as a conclusion from facts or premises Derive-infer, deduce Derive-infer, deduce deduce-to determine by deduction deduce-to determine by deduction Deduction- the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning Deduction- the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning

Symptoms of not decoding correctly Blankness Blankness Confusion Confusion No idea of what you just read No idea of what you just read Misunderstanding-anger Misunderstanding-anger You know you have the right definition when all these go away You know you have the right definition when all these go away “Aha” “Aha”

How to read with Understanding Read one word at a time asking yourself if you know the definition of it as it is used in the sentence. Read one word at a time asking yourself if you know the definition of it as it is used in the sentence. If you can’t define it easily you must look up the word immediately. If you can’t define it easily you must look up the word immediately. For Biology-write it in your notebook For Biology-write it in your notebook Use the Simplest Dictionary you can, like the Student Use the Simplest Dictionary you can, like the Student Use the Guide words on the top of the pages of the dictionary, they tell the first and last word on the page Use the Guide words on the top of the pages of the dictionary, they tell the first and last word on the page

Looking up words Find the definition that fits, if you substitute it in the sentence, the sentence makes sense Find the definition that fits, if you substitute it in the sentence, the sentence makes sense If you find more misunderstood words in the definition write them down and look them up If you find more misunderstood words in the definition write them down and look them up When you have the word defined as it is used in the reading make up sentences of your own using the word as it is used in what you are reading When you have the word defined as it is used in the reading make up sentences of your own using the word as it is used in what you are reading

Problem Number 1=Misunderstood Words You will know when you have made up enough sentences when the word is “yours” you “get it” You will know when you have made up enough sentences when the word is “yours” you “get it” This will save a lot of time looking up the word over and over This will save a lot of time looking up the word over and over Look at the derivation or root of the word to get an idea of where the word came from Look at the derivation or root of the word to get an idea of where the word came from

Example You read “They went to the pediatrician” You read “They went to the pediatrician” You find it’s a child doctor You find it’s a child doctor The root “ped” means child or foot The root “ped” means child or foot So a pedestrian is someone walking So a pedestrian is someone walking A pedicure is care of your feet like a manicure takes of your hand A pedicure is care of your feet like a manicure takes of your hand

So read one word at a time NO SKIMMING So read one word at a time NO SKIMMING No Skipping No Skipping The idea is duplication of the author’s communication all of it The idea is duplication of the author’s communication all of it There are so many definitions for the same word it is easy to be fooled into thinking you know the correct one when you don’t There are so many definitions for the same word it is easy to be fooled into thinking you know the correct one when you don’t Sometimes you can’t spot the misunderstood Sometimes you can’t spot the misunderstood Word Word

If you miss a word you get a little confusion and blankness If you miss a word you get a little confusion and blankness If you miss a lot you get lots of confusion and blankness and sleepiness and yawning If you miss a lot you get lots of confusion and blankness and sleepiness and yawning Eventually you hate the subject as it “hurts you” Eventually you hate the subject as it “hurts you” The cure for any bad feeling while studying is going back not forward The cure for any bad feeling while studying is going back not forward Go Back to where you know the stuff for sure Go Back to where you know the stuff for sure

Getting out of trouble Go back and come forward slowly looking at every word Go back and come forward slowly looking at every word If you have to, pick words you think you know and look them up anyway If you have to, pick words you think you know and look them up anyway Only when you are absolutely positive you know the meaning of all words is clear do the next step Only when you are absolutely positive you know the meaning of all words is clear do the next step Almost all study problems come from misunderstood words Almost all study problems come from misunderstood words

Problem Number Two Skipped material Skipped material All learning is done on a gradient All learning is done on a gradient Gradient: A part sloping upward or downward Gradient: A part sloping upward or downward You build on previous learning You build on previous learning No Shakespeare before “The Cat in The Hat” No Shakespeare before “The Cat in The Hat” No algebra before arithmetic No algebra before arithmetic

Handling Skipped Gradients Find more information because the author left something out Find more information because the author left something out Authors do not know what their particular reader does not know Authors do not know what their particular reader does not know Some authors and teachers are really bad at laying things out on a gradient Some authors and teachers are really bad at laying things out on a gradient You want it very simple and then a little harder and then a little harder etc. You want it very simple and then a little harder and then a little harder etc.

Skipped Gradients Find a simpler source like an encyclopedia or wikipedia Find a simpler source like an encyclopedia or wikipedia Google it Wiki it Google it Wiki it Ask somebody if you have to-not the first choice Ask somebody if you have to-not the first choice My job is to figure out what you need and if someone tells me I can tell the class. Same with words- I don’t know what you need half the time My job is to figure out what you need and if someone tells me I can tell the class. Same with words- I don’t know what you need half the time

Problem Three-Lack of something Solid The last problem may be obvious when you are reading in that you need something to look at or hold in your hands. The last problem may be obvious when you are reading in that you need something to look at or hold in your hands. It’s hard to imagine an atom or cell if you never saw a picture or model etc. It’s hard to imagine an atom or cell if you never saw a picture or model etc. Get an engine if you are studying engines. Get an engine if you are studying engines. Get a body if you are studying bodies. Get a body if you are studying bodies. Get a picture, models, etc to get a “grip” Get a picture, models, etc to get a “grip”

Lack of something Drawing is a good way to be sure you have it Drawing is a good way to be sure you have it This is what your notebook is for This is what your notebook is for You can use stuff like paper clips, wire, string, rubber bands etc. to demonstrate what is going on You can use stuff like paper clips, wire, string, rubber bands etc. to demonstrate what is going on It gives your mind something to work on It gives your mind something to work on

Summary Be careful reading word by word, looking them up as you go if you need to. Be careful reading word by word, looking them up as you go if you need to. If you need more info get it. If you need more info get it. If you need something solid get it –real thing, pictures, models etc. If you need something solid get it –real thing, pictures, models etc. If you still can’t get it-write down page and paragraph and tell me or someone- ’s good If you still can’t get it-write down page and paragraph and tell me or someone- ’s good

Notebook Your notebook should have an entry every day you study Date and page numbers Your notebook should have an entry every day you study Date and page numbers Write down the words you looked up Write down the words you looked up Draw things out Draw things out Write down words in class you need to look up later Write down words in class you need to look up later Write down what you can’t get Write down what you can’t get

Study Questions 1.) You are reading Biology and realize you have no clue as what you just read. What should you? 1.) You are reading Biology and realize you have no clue as what you just read. What should you? A. Start weeping and seek sympathy from your parents A. Start weeping and seek sympathy from your parents B. Find a word and use it in sentences you make up B. Find a word and use it in sentences you make up C. Go back to where things were going good and look for a misunderstood word to look up C. Go back to where things were going good and look for a misunderstood word to look up D. Build a model of what is in the book. D. Build a model of what is in the book.

Study Questions 2) You looked up every word that could possibly be giving you problems but still can’t get it. What do you do? 2) You looked up every word that could possibly be giving you problems but still can’t get it. What do you do? A) Try to find more information because the book missed telling you something A) Try to find more information because the book missed telling you something B) Use the words you looked up in more sentences B) Use the words you looked up in more sentences C) Throw a hissy fit C) Throw a hissy fit D) Write down in your notebook where in the book it’s impossible to understand D) Write down in your notebook where in the book it’s impossible to understand

Study Questions 3)You look up a word that you can’t think of the definition for in a dictionary. What’s next? 3)You look up a word that you can’t think of the definition for in a dictionary. What’s next? A) Read the first definition and go back to reading A) Read the first definition and go back to reading B) Find the definition that when substituted for the word makes the sentence make sense. B) Find the definition that when substituted for the word makes the sentence make sense. C) Look at the derivation of the word C) Look at the derivation of the word D) Call it a night D) Call it a night

4) You have looked up all the words, got new information covering everything but still don’t understand. What is the next thing to try to gain more understanding? 4) You have looked up all the words, got new information covering everything but still don’t understand. What is the next thing to try to gain more understanding? A) Telepathy with the author A) Telepathy with the author B) Ask a parent, older sibling or grandparent B) Ask a parent, older sibling or grandparent C) Get a model, use clay, paper clips etc to show things, sketch it out etc. C) Get a model, use clay, paper clips etc to show things, sketch it out etc. D) Go back to the start of the reading D) Go back to the start of the reading

5) You have been trying to look up words but are spending hours looking up the words in the definitions. What should you do? 5) You have been trying to look up words but are spending hours looking up the words in the definitions. What should you do? A) Stop looking up the words you don’t know in the definitions. A) Stop looking up the words you don’t know in the definitions. B) Use a simpler dictionary B) Use a simpler dictionary C) Blame your parents and former teachers C) Blame your parents and former teachers D) Google all the words D) Google all the words