Programming Languages 1.07a

 A computer program is a series of instructions that direct a computer to perform a certain task.  A programming language is a set of words, symbols, and codes that enables a programmer to communicate instructions.

 Low-Level Language  Machine Language  Assembly Language  Procedural Language  BASIC  COBOL  Other Programming Languages

 Machine dependent  Runs on only one particular type of computer.  Not easily portable to other types of computers  Each language instruction is a low level, which usually equates to a single-machine instruction

 Known as the first generation of programming language.  Only language the computer directly recognizes.  Instructs with a series of binary digits (1’s and 0’s) or a combination of 1’s and 0’s.  Can be tedious and time consuming.

 Is the second generation of programming languages.  A programmer writes instructions using symbolic codes and symbolic addresses.  Can be difficult to learn.  Must be translated into machine language.  A source program is used for the conversion to machine language.  May include macros which generates many machine-language instructions for a single assembly-language instruction. ◦ Macro’s save the programmer time during the program development

 A third generation language  The programmer assigns a name to a sequence of instructions, called a procedure, that tells the computer what to do.  A programmer uses a series of English-like words to write instructions.  A compiler is a separate program that converts the source program into a machine language.

 Designed for use as a simple, interactive, problem-solving language.  Many versions exist including ◦ QBASIC ◦ QuickBASIC ◦ MS-BASIC, and ◦ Visual Basic or Visual Basic.Net

 Programming language designed for business applications.  The English-like statements make the code easy to read, write, and maintain.

 Nonprocedural Languages  Object-Oriented Languages

 Nonprocedural Languages ◦ Use English-like instructions that retrieve data from files or a database. ◦ Typically easier to use ◦ Non-technical users can create solutions for information. ◦ Programmers spend much less time and effort coding programs with nonprocedural language.  Popular Nonprocedural Languages ◦ Report Program Generator ◦ Fourth Generation Language ◦ Application Generator ◦ Macros

 Programmers use an object-oriented (OOP) programming language to implement object designs.  An object is an item that contains both data and procedures that read or manipulate that data  Popular OOP Languages ◦ C++ ◦ Java ◦ Visual Programming Languages ◦ Visual Studio.net ◦ Delphi ◦ PowerBuilder

 Pascal – Developed to teach basic Programming concepts.  FORTRAN – First high-level programming used for scientific applications  HyperTalk – Developed by Apple. Manipulates cards that contain text, graphics, and sound.  Prolong – Logic used for development of artificial intelligence.  Logo – An educational tool used to teach problem-solving to children

 Web page authors use a variety of techniques to develop Web pages.  Multimedia and a host of other effets are possible.  Popular types of Web page development ◦ HTML ◦ Scripts ◦ Applets ◦ Scripting Languages ◦ Dynamic HTML  HTML is not typically a programming language.  It uses tags which codes documents

 A continuous cycle which consists of six steps that form a loop. Aunt Donna Vents In Taiwan Dialect