LFFs This guide will help you learn the technical names of the Language Forms and Features that you just have to learn… spot… and use in English

Modality Modal verbs convey a range of judgments about the likelihood of events. There are nine modal verbs: "can", "could", "may", "might", "will", "would", "shall", "should", and "must". She might be there. You could get there by lunchtime if you hurry. You'll hit the roof. That must have hurt.

High modality Medium modality Low modality must has to ought to should can need to will may might could would Modal nouns: "possibility", "probability", "obligation", "necessity", "requirement" Modal adjectives: "possible", "probable", "obligatory", "necessary", "required", "determined" Modal adverbs: "possibly", "probably", "perhaps", "maybe", "sometimes’, "always’ "definitely", "never", "certainly“

Conjunctions... (joining words)

Cohesive techniques... Cohesive techniques are usually repeated: phrases, phrases, catch-phrases, catch-phrases, Lexical chains (groups of words) Lexical chains (groups of words) or, your thesis statement… or, your thesis statement… which (like a stapler that holds your pages together) “glues” ideas and images together through a text… from the beginning to the end! Cohesive techniques are usually repeated: phrases, phrases, catch-phrases, catch-phrases, Lexical Lexical chains (groups of words) or, or, your thesis statement… which (like a stapler that holds your pages together) “glues” ideas and images together through a text… from the beginning to the end!

Lexical (word) cohesion… Word associations - form links within a text. Repetition Synonyms; antonyms; hyponyms; hypernyms "My dad bought a new car", "bought" can be replaced by "purchased" (synonym—similar meaning) "bought" can be replaced by "sold" (antonym—contrasting meaning) "car" can be replaced by "Ford" (hyponym—more specific meaning) "car" can be replaced by "vehicle" (hypernym—more general meaning) Collocation - words which typically occur together, making a text predictable.

Collocation?? In fairy tales, the words "Once upon a time", "wicked stepmother", "wicked witch", and "lived happily ever after" collocate.