Ch. 9 Memory Mr. McElhaney PLHS

Remembering is an Active Process Memories can be lost and revised Memories can be lost and revised Types of Memory Types of Memory –Short Term Memory –Long Term Memory Info that appears to be lost may still be in memory Info that appears to be lost may still be in memory Problems with memory: Problems with memory: –Forgetting and storage issues Recovered memories are problematic Recovered memories are problematic Strategies such as Mnemonics can improve memory Strategies such as Mnemonics can improve memory

Basics Definition- Memory is an active system that receives, stores and organizes, alters, and recovers information Definition- Memory is an active system that receives, stores and organizes, alters, and recovers information Encoding- info is changed into usable and storable form Encoding- info is changed into usable and storable form

Sensory Memory New info is perceived through the senses New info is perceived through the senses Info is held exactly as perceived for a few seconds (Transduced) Info is held exactly as perceived for a few seconds (Transduced) Preceding short term Memory Preceding short term Memory

All of the Senses: Use Transduction: Use Transduction: –The process of changing energy (stimulus) to a form that can be processed by the nervous system- –For example- light to a form that can be recognized by the retina.

Dual System in Memory Short Term Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Long Term Memory Small desk and file cabinet concept Small desk and file cabinet concept

STM Meaningful info stored

Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory. Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The preceding is a useful model of memory; it may not be literally true of what happens in the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 1995).

Short Term Memory 1 Is working memory Is working memory Includes Selective attention Includes Selective attention Holds small amounts of info for a brief time Holds small amounts of info for a brief time Encoding in STM- Encoding in STM- –memories are stored by images –And phonetically- by sound, words and letters

Short Term Memory 2 Storehouse for small amounts of info Storehouse for small amounts of info Phone numbers/shopping lists Phone numbers/shopping lists Working memory holds info while other activities are taking place. Working memory holds info while other activities are taking place. Is sensitive to interruption + interference Is sensitive to interruption + interference

Processing info helps Memory Connecting to LTM Connecting to LTM Chunking Chunking Rehearsal Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal

Short Term Memory 3 Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bits Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bits Good mem = 9 bits Good mem = 9 bits Recoding= reorganizing information Recoding= reorganizing information Chunking = form of recoding, creating connections/groups between info Chunking = form of recoding, creating connections/groups between info Rehearsal- repeating info increases STM and can lead to transfer to LTM Rehearsal- repeating info increases STM and can lead to transfer to LTM

Elaborate Rehearsal – Linking new info to memories in LTM will improve memory Linking new info to memories in LTM will improve memory Elaborate = extend, think about info as you study Elaborate = extend, think about info as you study Ask yourself “why” why would that be true? Ask yourself “why” why would that be true? Try to relate new ideas to your own experiences and knowledge Try to relate new ideas to your own experiences and knowledge

Long Term Memory Found in the Cortex of Brain Found in the Cortex of Brain Hippocampus clearly associated with memory (see brain map of memory) Hippocampus clearly associated with memory (see brain map of memory) permanent storehouse for Memory permanent storehouse for Memory Everything you know goes into LTM Everything you know goes into LTM Important + Meaningful info gets transferred to LTM Important + Meaningful info gets transferred to LTM The more you know the easier it is to add memory The more you know the easier it is to add memory

Long Term Memory Encoding = storage (LTM) stored based on meaning Encoding = storage (LTM) stored based on meaning Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in LTM Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in LTM example- Chunking can/will work in LTM example- Chunking can/will work in LTM Constructive Processing = updating memory Constructive Processing = updating memory –Fills in the gaps of memory with logical conclusions or extensions, or inferences –(Pseudo Memories are false memories) –Relates to how we can sometimes not know the source of some memories

Organization of Info in LTM Patterns of Association = memory structure Patterns of Association = memory structure Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities, formal meaning, personal meaning Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities, formal meaning, personal meaning Network Model (or schema) Network Model (or schema) –Associations of new of linked ideas –We make organization based on linked meanings

Memory Aids Chunking info= try to link 2-3 or more facts into larger chinks and your memory will improve Chunking info= try to link 2-3 or more facts into larger chinks and your memory will improve Key to memory is to find meaning Key to memory is to find meaning Always think about how you feel about things Always think about how you feel about things

Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated with specific times and places).

Types of LTM = skill and fact Procedural- Skill Procedural- Skill Conditioned Response Conditioned Response Learned Actions Learned Actions Automatic Automatic Lower brain- cerebellum Lower brain- cerebellum Typing and Driving Actions Typing and Driving Actions

Types of Memory Episodic Memory= experiences Episodic Memory= experiences Autobiographic Autobiographic –When we access we re-experience Most easily forgotten LTM Most easily forgotten LTM Declarative- Facts Declarative- Facts Names, faces, dates, words, ideas Names, faces, dates, words, ideas Expressed in words and symbols Expressed in words and symbols Semantic Memory Semantic Memory Encyclopedia of basic knowledge Encyclopedia of basic knowledge You don’t forget You don’t forget

Memory Formation Consolidation- the forming of LTM memory Consolidation- the forming of LTM memory Takes time to move info from STM to LTM Takes time to move info from STM to LTM Meaning is key Meaning is key

Re-dintegrative Memories Memories in LTM Memories in LTM Can be triggered by cues Can be triggered by cues Cues (associations/clues) always enhance memories Cues (associations/clues) always enhance memories Triggered memories are cues to other connected memories Triggered memories are cues to other connected memories Pictures, smells, songs, sounds Pictures, smells, songs, sounds Cue-Dependent Forgetting Cue-Dependent Forgetting Stimuli associated with memory are missing

Memory Tasks- LTM Recall Direct Retrieval of Info Direct Retrieval of Info Who-What Who-What Facts FactsRecognition Previous learned info is correctly identified Previous learned info is correctly identified MC tests MC tests Accurate for visuals Accurate for visuals Relearning Reviewing previously exposed to/learned info Reviewing previously exposed to/learned info 25% greater proficiency 25% greater proficiency Review helps we Re-learn faster. Review helps we Re-learn faster.

Serial Position Effect STM STM Being able to memorize the beginning and end of a list Being able to memorize the beginning and end of a list But not the middle But not the middle Why?- Why?- The end- interference, STM has limited capacity The end- interference, STM has limited capacity

Implicit and Explicit Memories Implicit Memories We are not aware We are not aware Unconscious UnconsciousPriming Giving a person limited cues Giving a person limited cues Info previously learned is reflected in cued responses Info previously learned is reflected in cued responses Related to implicit memory Related to implicit memory Sub-conscious Sub-conscious Explicit Memories Recall is used Recall is used Conscious memories Conscious memories Trying to remember Trying to remember

Forgetting Encoding Failure: When a memory was never formed in the first place Encoding Failure: When a memory was never formed in the first place Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored Memory Decay: When memory traces become weaker; fading or weakening of memories Memory Decay: When memory traces become weaker; fading or weakening of memories Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not used or retrieved Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not used or retrieved

Blocking Repression Repression Suppression Suppression

Brain Anatomy and Memory Locations of memory is identified through brain mapping Locations of memory is identified through brain mapping Experiments through Electroconvulsive Shock destroys memory Experiments through Electroconvulsive Shock destroys memory –Mostly effects recent memories –Before Consolidation

Brain #2 Hippocampus= closely associated with LTM Hippocampus= closely associated with LTM Used in Consolidation of memory Used in Consolidation of memory Known as the “Switching Station” between STM and LTM Known as the “Switching Station” between STM and LTM Grows neurons that make new connections with in the brain Grows neurons that make new connections with in the brain Damage to hippocampus = Aterograde amnesia= inability to store new memories LTM (“50 First Dates”) Damage to hippocampus = Aterograde amnesia= inability to store new memories LTM (“50 First Dates”)

Brain 3 3lbs of brain 3lbs of brain Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas associated Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas associated Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- events Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- events Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memory- ideas Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memory- ideas

Amnesia Retrograde (before) Amnesia Forgetting events that occur before an injury or trauma Forgetting events that occur before an injury or trauma Anterograde- Amnesia Anterograde- Amnesia “50 First Dates” “50 First Dates” Forgetting invents tha follow an injury Forgetting invents tha follow an injury

Memory Supports Making Notes- write things down Making Notes- write things down Prevents info from slipping out of short term memory before you can review it and store it more permanently Prevents info from slipping out of short term memory before you can review it and store it more permanently

Sorry, not finished with this ppt.