Animal Contributions to Human Needs

What animals are used for production purposes?

SCIENCE n a process through which nature is STUDIED, DISCOVERED, and UNDERSTOOD.

Animal Science n The PROCESS through which LIVESTOCK ANIMALS are STUDIED and UNDERSTOOD.

Animal Science n Involves BREEDING, feeding, care and MANAGEMENT of animals; MARKETING and PROCESSING of animals and their PRODUCTS based on knowledge gained through practical EXPERIENCE and RESEARCH.

Domestication n To adapt an animal for human use

Five requirements for domestication n 1.The animal is VALUED and there are clear PURPOSES for which it is kept. n 2.The animal’s BREEDING is subject to human control. n 3.The animal’s SURVIVAL depends upon humans.

Five requirements for domestication n 4.The animal’s BEHAVIOR (psychology) is changed in domestication. n 5.Morphological (STRUCTURAL) characteristics have appeared which occur rarely if at all in the wild.

Wild animal n not GENETICALLY altered by artificial selection for use by humans n Example

Tame wild animal n a wild animal that, through intervention of man, has adapted BEHAVIORALLY so as to be useful to humans. n Example

Exotic animal n a wild animal belonging to a species whose historic native range lies totally outside NORTH AMERICA n Example

Domestic animal n an animal that has been genetically altered from the original wild species for use by humans through ARTIFICIAL SELECTION n Example

Feral animal n a DOMESTIC animal that lives in the WILD with no human assistance n Example

Feral population n a REPRODUCING group of FERAL animals n Example

Species n a group of closely related animals that can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE offspring n Example

Breed n animals of common ORIGIN with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same SPECIES n Example

Type n animals of the same SPECIES that are grouped together based on the PRODUCTS they produce n Example

Terms of Domesticated Animals

Cattle n Species n Bovine

Cattle n Group n Herd

Cattle n Adult Male n Bull

Cattle n Adult Female n Cow

Cattle n Young Male n Bull Calf

Cattle n Young Female n Heifer Calf

Cattle n Newborn n Calf

Cattle n Castrated Male n Bullock or Steer

Cattle n Offspring w/Dam n Calf at Foot or Suckling

Cattle n Birthing n Calving

Cattle n Mating n Serving

Sheep n Species n Ovine

Sheep n Group n Flock

Sheep n Adult Male n Ram, Buck, or Tup

Sheep n Adult Female n Ewe

Sheep n Young Male n Ram Lamb or Buck Lamb

Sheep n Young Female n Ewe Lamb

Sheep n Newborn n Lamb

Sheep n Castrated Male n Wether

Sheep n Offspring w/Dam n Suckling

Sheep n Birthing n Lambing

Sheep n Mating n Tupping

Goats n Species n Caprine

Goats n Group n Flock or Band

Goats n Adult Male n Buck or Billy

Goats n Adult Female n Doe or Nanny

Goats n Young Male n Buckling

Goats n Young Female n Goatling

Goats n Newborn n Kid

Goats n Castrated Male n Wether

Goats n Offspring w/Dam n Suckling

Goats n Birthing n Kidding

Goats n Mating n Serving

Swine n Species n Swine or Sus

Swine n Group n Drove

Swine n Adult Male n Boar

Swine n Adult Female n Sow

Swine n Young Male n Boar Pig or Boarling

Swine n Young Female n Gilt

Swine n Newborn n Pig, Piglet, Pigling

Swine n Castrated Male n Barrow, Stag, Hog

Swine n Offspring w/Dam n Suckling

Swine n Birthing n Farrowing

Swine n Mating n Coupling

Poultry n Species n Gallus

Poultry n Group n Flock

Poultry n Adult Male n Rooster, Cock

Poultry n Adult Female n Hen

Poultry n Young Male n Cockerel

Poultry n Young Female n Pullet

Poultry n Newborn n Chick

Poultry n Castrated Male n Capon

Poultry n Offspring w/Dam n Clutch, Brood

Poultry n Birthing n Hatching

Poultry n Mating n Covering

Horse n Species n Equine

Horse n Group n Herd, Band, etc.

Horse n Adult Male n Stallion or Stud

Horse n Adult Female n Mare

Horse n Young Male n Colt

Horse n Young Female n Filly

Horse n Newborn n Foal

Horse n Castrated Male n Gelding

Horse n Offspring w/Dam n Suckling or Foal at Side

Horse n Birthing n Foaling

Horse n Mating n Serving

Functions of Livestock n Food n Clothing n Power n Recreation

Food n Meat n Eggs n Milk n Honey

Clothing n Wool n Leather n Hair/Fur n Feathers

Power n Horses n Mules, Donkeys, Burros n Llamas, Alpacas n Oxen, Water buffalo, reindeer, yak, camels

Recreation n Pleasure Horses n Purebred Herds and Flocks n Livestock Exhibitions, Shows, Rodeos n Horse Racing

Mainstream Domestic Animals n Dairy Cattle n Beef Cattle n Sheep (Wool, Meat, Dairy) n Swine n Goats (Mohair, Milk, Meat, Cashmere) n Horses, Mules, Donkeys, etc n Poultry

Non-Traditional Domestic Animals n Ostrich & Emu n Deer and Elk n Bison n Aquaculture n Llamas and Alpacas n Alligators n Rare Breeds of Domestic Animals

Types of Livestock

Cattle n Beef Type n Dairy Type n Dual Purpose n Multi-Purpose

Sheep n Wool type –Fine –Medium –Long –Colored n Meat or Mutton type n Dual Purpose n Dairy Type

Swine n Lard Type n Bacon Type n Meat Type

Horses n Draft Type n Racing n Ranch Work/Stock Horse n Trotting n Pacers

Poultry n Eggs (Layers) n Meat (Broilers) n Ornamental n Cock Fighting

Why Farmers Use Livestock n Converts feed to meat; feed generally brings more money when marketed through livestock n Utilizes labor the year around n Allows for greater production capacity and increases opportunity for making profits n Helps maintain fertility of the land

Why Farmers Use Livestock n May more fully utilize capital, machinery and wasteland (range). n Utilizes roughage that can’t readily be sold (poor hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.) n Diversifies that farm and/or ranch n Personal satisfaction of working with domesticated animals

Animal Protein n Animal proteins are superior to vegetable proteins for humans n Animal proteins have improved amino acid balance over vegetable protein n Producing animals for meat, mike, eggs, etc. is not as efficient as compared to cereal grains produced for humans alone

Ruminants n Have a four compartment stomach n Can digest roughages n Manufacture essential amino acids and energy n Examples include: –Cattle –Sheep –Goats

Non-ruminants (Monogastric) n Have a single compartment stomach n Need supplementary sources of amino acids and vitamins n Examples include: –Swine –Poultry –Horses

Contributions to Food Needs n Vegetarianism -- started in India, due to long-term population pressure and scarcity of feed and forage for animals - - also religious concerns; all life is sacred. n Rising Population Pressures -- particularly in developing regions force people to consume foods of plant origin

Contributions to food Needs

Contributions to Food Needs n Meat -- is important in diet; excellent balance of amino acids, vitamins and especially Vitamin B 12 n Milk -- approximately 90% of milk for human consumption in the world comes from cattle n Over 85% of the world population desires food of animal origin

Beef Cattle Production n Texas n Kansas n Nebraska n Oklahoma n California n Utah’s Rank 28th

Dairy Cattle Production n California n Wisconsin n New York n Pennsylvania n Michigan n Utah’s Rank 25th

Sheep Production n Texas n California n Wyoming n Colorado n South Dakota n Utah’s Rank 7th

Goat Production n Texas n New Mexico n Arizona n Oklahoma n California n Utah’s Rank ?

Swine Production n Iowa n North Carolina n Michigan n Illinois n Indiana n Utah’s Rank 20th

Poultry Production (L) n California n Ohio n Indiana n Pennsylvania n Iowa n Utah’s Rank 33rd

Poultry Production (B) n Arkansas n Georgia n Alabama n North Carolina n Mississippi n Utah’s Rank ??

Turkey Production n North Carolina n Minnesota n Arkansas n Missouri n California n Utah’s Rank 14th

# of Farms and Ranches n Texas n Missouri n Iowa n Kentucky n Minnesota n Utah’s Rank 36 th

Land in Farms/Ranches n Texas n Montana n Kansas n Nebraska n New Mexico

Utah’s Rank 28 th Utah’s Rank in Other Areas n Mink Production 2nd n Trout Production 6th n Honey Production 24th

A. Farming/Ranching n Manager n Foreman n Herdsman

Research n Production n Processing n Marketing n New equipment and use

Industry n Food processing n Pesticides and Herbicides n Feed Manufacturing n Dairy Processing

Business n Agricultural Banking n Farm Management n Grading and Packaging n Marketing

Education n Agriculture extension specialist n Agricultural education instructor n College instructor n Governmental agencies

Communications n Farm reporting n Market reporting n Radio n Television

Service n Inspection and regulation n Plant and animal quarantine n Foreign service n Agriculture consultant n Veterinary

Regulatory Agencies n FDA—Food and Drug Administration which must approve applications to investigate new animal drugs and feed additives. n EPA—Environmental Protection Agency which issues permits for some experiments involving animal health product testing.

Regulatory Agencies n USDA—United States Department of Agriculture which reviews research plans for vaccines or other animal biologicals. n FSIS—Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA which randomly tests slaughtered animals to ensure that meat is free of illegal residues.