THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY GENE PESTI 1 & JOHN DRIVER 2 1 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 2 JACKSON LABORATORY USA

THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY PROTEIN & ENERGY ON CARCASS LEAN & FAT – INEXPENSIVE DIETS -> FAT CARCASSES DIETARY CU LEVELS – CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MEAT CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS – MARGINAL LEVELS -> BROKEN BONES & BRUISES

GMP - UGA3 From Donaldson et al., 1956

GMP - UGA4 From Donaldson et al., 1956

GMP - UGA5 From Donaldson et al., 1956 Growth Not Related to C/P Ratio No “Optimums” Evident

GMP - UGA6 From Donaldson et al., 1956 Carcass Composition fits C/P Ratio Well No “Optimums” Evident

GMP - UGA7 From Donaldson et al., 1956 Carcass Composition Related to C/P Ratio Carcass Composition Related to C & P Levels

GMP - UGA8 Pesti, G.M., T.S. Whiting & L.S. Jensen, Poultry Science 62:490 (1983) Altering the form of the diet alters the carcass composition response to dietary energy

GMP - UGA9 Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

GMP - UGA10 Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

GMP - UGA11 Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

GMP - UGA12 Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

24% Protein 16% Protein

24% Protein16% Protein

HMG-CoA reductase REGULATES CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS REGULATES FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IS COPPER SENSITIVE

COPPER STATUS CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

COPPER STATUS CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS ?

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER GROWTH (from Bakalli et al., 1995). Weight Gain (kg) Age (days) Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg) 0250PSE* Experiment b a Experiment Experiment *PSE = Pooled Standard Error

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995). Plasma total cholesterol (mg/100 mL) Age (days) Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg) 0250PSE* Experiment a 129 b 4 Experiment a 113 b 4 Experiment a 106 b 5 *PSE = Pooled Standard Error

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995). Breast muscle cholesterol (mg/100g) Age (days) Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg) 0250PSE* Experiment a 43 b 1 Experiment a 37 b 3 Experiment a 33 b 2 *PSE = Pooled Standard Error

Johnson, M.A., J. Nutrition 116:802

OTHER KNOWN EFFECTS OF DIETARY COPPER COPPER ACCUMULATES IN BONES SOFT PORK IN SWINE

DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995). Fatty Acid Compositon Age (days) Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg) 0250PSE* Experiment 142??? Experiment 221??? Experiment 321??? *PSE = Pooled Standard Error

DIETARY CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS AND CARCASS QUALITY P IS EXPENSIVE POTENTIAL POLLUTANT NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE Ca IS INEXPENSIVE DECREASES FAT ABSORPTION NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE

Introduction A suitable combination of 1αOH-D 3 ( 1A) and phytase in the diet could reduce requirements for both inorganic Ca and P sources Implications: – Reduced P in excreta – Improved feed efficiency – Lower requirements of nutrients which interact with Ca and P

Objectives To determine: 1.The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions 2.Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)

Objectives To determine: 1.The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions 2.Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher) 3.The implications of Ca and P replacement in terms of carcass processing

Materials and Methods Ca & P deficient (mash) diets were mixed: 1.Starter phase 2.Grower/Finisher phase Diets were mixed with and without: – 1000 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase (P) – 5  g/kg 1  -OH-cholecalciferol (1A) P + 1A 5 Feeding Regimens were used

Feeding Regimens Starter (0 – 18 d)Grower (19 – 35 d) % Ca 0.24%nPP % Ca 0.14%nPP % Ca 0.24%nPP % Ca 0.14%nPP P + 1A % Ca 0.24%nPP P + 1A 0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP % Ca 0.24%nPP P + 1A 0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP P + 1A % Ca 0.45%nPP % Ca 0.45%nPP -

Feeding Regimens Starter (0 – 18 d)Grower (19 – 35 d) PENS = 4 PENS = 8

Parameters Measured BWG, FI & FCR from 0 to 18 and 19 to 35 days 10 birds were selected on days 18 and 35 and: Left tibias were collected for % Tibia Ash determination Right tibias were sliced and scored for incidence and severity of P & Ca rickets & TD

Parameters Measured Tibias snapped during evisceration Broken clavicles Bloody breast muscles Broken femurs

Results Body Weight Gain (0 to 35 d) bb aaa c bc b aa 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → BB A A A

Results FCR (feed to gain ratio) bb 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → a a bbb b c a bb AB B A

Results % Tibia Ash at 18 & 35 d bb aaa 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → d b b c a cd a b a a

Results % Phosphorus Rickets at 18 & 35 d 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → a b ccc

Results % Broken Tibias After Evisceration 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → a ab bb

Results % Broken Clavicles After De-boning 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → ab a aa b

Results % Bloody Pectoralis Minor After De-boning 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d → a ab a b

Results % Broken Femurs After De-boning 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

Conclusion The P+1A combination was required only during the Starter Phase to optimize BWG and FCR and eliminate bone disease Feeding P+1A at the very low levels of dietary Ca and P used was not sufficient to obtain maximum bone ash or prevent all bones from breaking during processing

Implications The combination of 1A and Phytase is a very promising alternative to inorganic Ca and P sources. The value of both supplements depends upon their price and availability as well as dietary levels of Ca and P and Phytin P Future testing should be conducted to determine how much dietary Ca and P can be replaced by the combination of these two supplements

SUMMARY CARCASS LEAN MEAT YIELD IS RELATD TO – CARCASS LIPID LEVELS – PROTEIN LEVEL – ENERGY LEVEL – FEED FORM IF ENERGY BECOMES SCARCE & PROTEIN ABUNDANT, THE PROBLEM OF FAT CARCASSES MAY TAKE CARE OF ITSELF

SUMMARY CARCASS LIPID PROFILES CAN BE EASILY INFLUENCED: – DIETARY FATTY ACIDS – FEEDING PHARMACOLOGICAL LEVELS OF CU DIETARY MINERALS ARE BECOMING VERY EXPENSIVE – REMEMBER TO EVALUATE CARCASSES WHENEVER EVALUATING MINERAL LEVELS