What has enabled Nanoscience? Advances in Computing Power New Generation of Scientific Instruments Scanning Probe Microscopes An incomplete list.... Very Sharp Tip scans over sample surface Scanning Tunneling Mic. (STM) Atomic Force Mic. (AFM) Magnetic Force Mic. (MFM) Near Field Scanning Optical Mic. (NSOM) ATOMIC RESOLUTION Why Nano now?

Scanning Probe Microscopy SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM) First SPM: The Since then, many types of SPM: ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM, also known as scanning force microscopy) MAGNETIC FORCE MICRSCOPY (MFM) near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) Others ….

Scanning Probe Mic: Sharp tip Scanning Probe Tip Sample Sharp tip moves over surface and measures some property

STM, Nobel Prize 1986 Binnig and Rohrer

STM, Imaging Sample - Battery + Current Tunneling Current

STM images, Examples

STM Images, Eigler 1 Eigler et al. NATURE 363, 1993 Don Eigler, IBM

STM Images, Eigler 2 Don Eigler, IBM

STM Images, Wilson Ho 1 Wilson Ho, UC Irvine

STM Images, Wilson Ho 2 Wilson Ho, UC Irvine

Handmaking Molecules!: Wilson Ho 3 Wilson Ho UC, Irvine.

Atomic Force Microscopy Microscope Tip Sample Surface scanned back and forth MirrorMirror LASERLASER LASER Detector Computer Computer DisplayDisplay

A Thermo Microscopes Explorer AFM

AFM tips Made from Si or Si 3 N 4

Carbon nanotubes

This montage of atomic force microscope images above shows the (0001) growth surface of a 6H-SiC crystal grown by physical vapor transport. The single steps on the surface are each 15.2 Angstroms high, the lattice parameter along [0001]. Carnegie Mellon University Material Science and Engineering Pittsburgh, PA, USA AFM images: Materials

AFM images:Biological Samples The image shows human eurythrocytes, or red blood cells, imaged in a buffer solution. The shape of the cell is important to its function. Atomic force microscopy can be used to identify the unique characteristics of the cell shape and size. Luana Scheffer Tel-Aviv University School of Medicine/Department of Physiology Tel-Aviv, Israel

Images and Manipulation of DNA ! Departmento Física de la Materia Condensada UAM Asylum Research

Pulling on Biological Fibers

More than topography Simultaneous C-AFM images of carbon fiber-epoxy composite used in aircraft manufacturing, acquired simultaneously in topography (left), force modulation (center), and phase detection (right), modes. The force modulation image (center) shows the harder (brighter) carbon fiber in the darker colored epoxy matrix. The phase image (right), shows similar image contrast, and shows differences in the visco-elasticity or "stickiness" across the fiber. Field of view 15 µm. TopographyHardnessVisco-elasticity

AFM images: Carbon Nanotubes

AFM images: Adenovirus Viral DNA Atsuko Negishi UNC Materials Science

AFM, (sub)atomic resolution

Titin unfolding

Titin /smd_imd/titin/

Pulling Titin 2

Pulling Titin 3

AFM feedback

Contact Mode Deflection ~ Force Piezoelectric translators DC deflection maintained by feedback loop

Non-Contact and Tapping Mode Amplitude ~ Force Piezoelectric translators Amplitude maintained by feedback loop

Interaction Potential Energy Tapping Mode Contact mode Non-contact Tip Sample separation

Resolution and Artifacts 5-20nm

Tip Shape Effects 5-20nm

LEGO Atomic Force Microscope