Community Ecology CHAPTER 53, 54, 55

The Return of Canis lupus? How Wolves Change Rivers 4.33 NG Yellowstone Wolves 5.05 Review of Reintroduction NG Yellowstone Wolves Playlist The Wolf, the Moose, and the Fir Tree: A Case Study of Trophic Interactions

Reintroduction of Wolves to Yellowstone PROS CONS Greater Biodiversity Add $$$- Tourism # coyotes; # smaller prey elk, overgrazing; Aspen trees need for culling elk/coyote Beaver pop; dams, rivers etc + Effect on Carrying Capacity of elk Prey on Livestock; cost to ranchers Decreases Big Game Hunting COST $$$ Loss of Mining, hunting, logging areas Stress conditions for elk, coyote- move to less habitable areas Prey- neg. effect on #’s

ECOLOGY “No man is an island entire of itself. Every man is a piece of a continent, a part of the main” -John Donne

What is Ecology? The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical environment. Biotic Factors vs Abiotic Factors? Ch 52

Organisms that are living (or WERE living at one time… **Organisms that are living (or WERE living at one time….paper, steak) ex- animals, plants, bacteria, fungus **Physical Environment (non-living) ex- water, air, dirt, rocks HW#6

Individual Community Biome Ecosystem Population Biosphere 1 2 3 All Category A + B B only 1 Species 1 4 5 6 Can we go smaller ?

*self-sustaining

BIOSPHERE Highest Point? Lowest Point? Living at the extremes?

Biomes BIOTIC, ABIOTIC?

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THIS BIOME? (adaptions) THE TUNDRA

Food Chain or Food Web? Ch 54

HW#7

Food Density Dependent vs Density Independent HW #6

Compare how matter and energy operate in ecosystems? Matter and Energy in an Ecosystem P/S: Compare how matter and energy operate in ecosystems? (Are they recycled)? HW Section 4, Ch54 #9

CH54#9

NPP = GPP - CR 10% Rule Section 4, CH54#15

Pyramid of Energy: Shows the energy available at each trophic level. The size of the blocks represents the proportion of energy Measured in Joules or Calories CH54#13,14

Pyramid of biomass: CH54#13,14

Pyramid of Numbers: Illustration of the number of organisms at each level CH54#13,14

Niche Size A species's niche includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources. Brown (introduced from Cuba) and Green anole (native to Florida) Niche- All Abiotic and biotic factors; habitat. Size? Size of the fundamental niche vs realized- same for the ‘stronger’, smaller realized niche for the ‘weaker’ HHMI-Anoles 17.45 Ch 53

(Fundamental vs Realized Niche) Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species

Island A: Populations of B. glanula and C Island A: Populations of B.glanula and C.dalli barnacles co- existing in the absence of herbivores. Island B: Populations of B.glanula and C.dalli barnacles co-existing in the presence of herbivores. Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species

Competition Inter = Between different species Intra = within one species Predation Predator Prey Pursuit, ambush Battle at Kruger 8.24 Ch 53, CH51

Competitive Exclusion Principle p1151- G.F. Gause No two species can co- exist in a community if they share a niche (have the same needs). Where there is overlap, competition goes on and one species will always win out. Competitive Exclusion Principle p1151- G.F. Gause Ch 53

Plant Defenses Adaptions to improve Survival & Reproduction: Mechanical, Chemical *Cuticle- keep water in, pathogens out; close the stomata! Spines! Thorns! *Polymers to reduce digestibility; Odor! *Essential oils- attract predatory insects to kill plant-feeding insects Ch 53

COLORATION Camouflage Mimicry Warning Ch 53

“Cryptic Coloration” Malaysian orchid mantis Grey Cicada Camouflage “Cryptic Coloration” Malaysian orchid mantis Grey Cicada

Octopus Grizzly Bear 4.37Camouflage http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1080207/Masters-disguise-Stunning-pictures-tricks-used-creatures-camouflage-themselves.html

Aposematic “warning” Coloration The yellow banded poison dart frog Aposematic “warning” Coloration

Mimicry The harmless mimic gains the same advantage as the dangerous model. The ‘duped’ predator brings about this evolutionary change. How? While the increased # could benefit both species, the model could be disadvantaged in this process. How?

Mimicry The ‘model’ is still an aposematic prey. The Viceroy butterfly ‘mimic’(top) appears very similar to the noxious tasting Monarch butterfly (bottom). However, the viceroy is actually more unpalatable than the monarch The model benefits from being mimic- increasing numbers of toxic prey out there warning away predators The predator is not ‘duped’- both really are harmful Mimicry

Resource Partitioning Instead of out competing another species- they co-exist Other ways? location time of day nesting sites or times Food type plant root depth Ch 53

Symbiosis Symbiosis Mutualism +/+ Commensalism +/0 Parasitism +/-(host) An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species. P/S: examples of each? Ch 53, POGIL

? Mutualism

? Commensalism

? Mutualism

Ectoparasite ? Parasitism Ecto or endo?

? Mutualism

Endoparasite ? Parasitism….. ecto or endo?

Lichen: Fungus + Algae ? Mutualism

? Mutualism The “crocodile bird- Egyptian plover…subsaharan Africa

Caterpillar Host to Wasp Cocoons ? Parasitism

? Amensalism Black Walnut Tree- Emits a chemical that kills or inhibits growth of other trees or shrubs nearby. ? Amensalism

Keystone vs Dominant Species Definitions: ? P/S: Humans: keystone or dominant species? Dominant: Most abundant species in a community Keystone: Species that has greater influence on community structure than you would predict based on #’s. Maintains species diversity (predation) Grey Wolf Fig Tree ? CH53, Ext#7 Wolves-Yellowstone 4.33

Succession: The orderly replacement of one community by another. Ecological Succession A landscape altered usually by a natural disaster ? HW# 20

Krakatoa Eruption 1883 36,000 people died

Nothing but rock …1st life form back? ?

Lichen

http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/53.18x1b.jpg

A subalpine meadow in the Sierra Nevada under invasion by lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana). Depending upon local geological and climatological conditions, this area of grasses and sedges may eventually be replaced by a forest of lodgepole pines

Do you always have to start with primary succession? (Nothing but rock?)

Ecological Succession in a lake Four stages of succession: 1. Submersed aquatic plants in the deeper water. 2. Emergent cattails,bulrushes rooted in the mud of shallow water. 3. Willow thickets along the banks of distant shoreline. 4. Conifer forest in drier, well drained soil above the willow thickets.

Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease Describe how a decrease in biological diversity results in an increase in the transmission of Lyme disease to humans? How has human activities contributed to this lack of diversity? Text p1147 CH53

Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease Low diversity areas, white-footed mouse often the last to disappear.. Mice carry Lyme disease bacterium which is transmitted to larval ticks as they feed on the mice. In the spring, larval ticks look for hosts