18.4 Two Nations Live on the Edge By: Sasha/Ira Hudson and Riley Hewitt

Vocabulary H-bomb – The hydrogen bomb—a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the atomic bomb. Dwight D. Eisenhower – President of U.S. John Foster Dulles – Eisenhower secretary of state. Brinkmanship – The practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – A U.S. Agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments. Warsaw Pact – A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites. Eisenhower Doctrine – A U.S. commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country, announced by President Eisenhower in Nikita Khrushchev – Gained power after Stalin’s death. Francis Gary Powers – U-2 pilot. U-2 Incident – The downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960.

Two Nations Live on the Edge! The fear of nuclear attack was a direct result of the Cold War. After the Soviet Union developed its atomic bomb, the two superpowers embarked on an arms race that increased both the number and the destructive power of weapons.

Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy The nuclear arms race began during Truman’s presidency. U.S. entered into a deadly race with Soviet Union to see which country would be the 1 st to produce an H-bomb. On Nov. 1, 1952, U.S. won the race but just a year later in August 1953, the Soviets exploded their own h-bomb. John Foster Dulles an anti-Communist, proposed that the U.S. could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force against any aggressor nation. Under President Eisenhower brinkmanship was passed. U.S. trimmed its army and navy and expanded its air force (which would deliver the bombs), Soviet Union followed suit. Many families build underground fallout shelters in their back yards. Fear of nuclear war became a constant in American life for the next 30 years.

The Cold War Spreads Around the World! As the nation shifted to a dependence on nuclear arms, Eisenhower’s administration began to rely on CIA for information. CIA’s 1 st covert action took place in the Middle East. As the Iranian economy faltered, the U.S. feared that Mossadegh (Iran’s prime minister) might turn to the Soviets for help. In 1953, the CIA gave several million dollars to anti-Mossadegh supporters. That accomplishes CIA’s plan: the pro-American Shah returned to power and turned over control of Iranian oil fields to Western companies. In 1954, the CIA took covert action in Guatemala as it was believed Guatemala’s government had Communist sympathies. Following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, everything between U.S. and Soviets seemed to change.

The Cold War Spreads Around the World! When West Germany was allowed to return and join NATO, the soviets grew fearful and formed its own military alliance Warsaw Pact. It linked the Soviet union with seven Eastern European Countries. In July 1955, Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, to meet with Soviet leaders. Eisenhower put forth an “open skies” proposal (U.S. and Soviets would allow flights over each others territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks). The Soviets rejected the proposal. Still the world hailed the “spirit of Geneva” as a step toward peace.

The Cold War Spreads Around the World! The Suez Crisis was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on October 29, The attack followed Egypt's decision of July 26,1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam. President Eisenhower issued a warning known as the Eisenhower Doctrine (which would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country.) A revolt began in Hungary. Nagy (Hungarian Communist leader) formed new government. Nov 1956, Soviet tanks attacked Hungary. Soviets overthrew the Nagy government. No help came to Hungary from U.S. or the United Nations.

The Cold War Takes to the Skies Nikita Khrushchev gained power in Russia. He favored peaceful coexistence (2 powers would compete economically and scientifically). The space race: On October 4, 1957, Soviets launched Sputnik, the worlds 1 st artificial satellite. January 31, 1958, U.S. successfully launched its 1 st satellite.

The Cold War Takes to the Skies Following the rejection of Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal the CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over soviet territory using a U-2. It could fly at high altitude without detection. Its infrared cameras took detailed photographs. The flight took place on May 1, the pilot was Francis Gary Powers. Soviets shot down the plane and sentenced Powers to ten years in prison. Eisenhower stopped the U-2 flight, but did not apologize.

Who exploded the 1 st H-bomb United States United States Soviet Union Soviet Union China China Japan Japan

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Soviet Union China Japan

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United States

Who formed its own military alliance and what was it called Japan: Warsaw Pact Japan: Warsaw Pact Russia: NATO Russia: NATO United States: Warsaw Pact United States: Warsaw Pact Soviet: Warsaw Pact Soviet: Warsaw Pact

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Japan: Warsaw Pact Japan: Warsaw Pact Russia: NATO Russia: NATO United States: Warsaw Pact United States: Warsaw Pact

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Soviet: Warsaw Pact

Who favored the policy of peaceful coexistence Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev Stalin Stalin Mr. Schumacher Mr. Schumacher Eisenhower Eisenhower

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Stalin Stalin Mr. Schumacher Mr. Schumacher Eisenhower Eisenhower

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Nikita Khrushchev

On October , the Soviets launched ______, the worlds 1 st artificial satellite Aerospace Aerospace Sputnik Sputnik Attendant Attendant Sidera Medicae Sidera Medicae

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Attendant Attendant Sidera Medicae Sidera Medicae Aerospace

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Sputnik Sputnik

Who persuaded Eisenhower to authorize one last U-2 flight Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo Truman Truman Francis Gary Powers Francis Gary Powers Dulles Dulles

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Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo Truman Truman Francis Gary Powers Francis Gary Powers

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Dulles Dulles