Jefferson & the Republicans HIS 103

“The Revolution of 1800” Peaceful transfer of power set precedent Jefferson & Burr finished tied, so election settled in House – led to passage of 12 th Amendment (1804) Jefferson’s 1 st Inaugural Address called for end to party strife Government moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800

Washington, DC in 1800

Dismantling Hamilton’s system Tried to pay off debt as quickly as possible Bank of U.S. allowed to expire in 1811 Size of government reduced to cut taxes Replaced Federalist officials with Republicans Tried to impeach Federalist judges

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Secretary of State Madison refused to deliver Adams’ “midnight commissions” Marshall ruled: – Marbury was entitled to commission, but... – Court had no jurisdiction because 1789 Judiciary Act was unconstitutional Set precedent of judicial review Chief Justice John Marshall

The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis & Clark Expedition Jefferson used loose construction to justify Louisiana Purchase (1803) Napoleon couldn’t defend it, so sold it for $15 million Sent Lewis & Clark Expedition to explore Missouri River, hoping for easy connection to Pacific

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Caught in the Middle between Britain & France Stalemate between Great Britain & France had led each to cut off trade with the other – Napoleon’s Continental System barred trade with Britain – British declared right to seize all neutral shipping & search for deserters from Royal Navy (impressment) Threatened U.S. status as largest neutral carrier Jefferson responded with Embargo ( ) – Cut off all foreign trade – Ruined New England merchants Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) restored trade, but promised to renew nonintercourse with other country if either Britain or France would change their policy Congress declared war on Britain in June 1812

The War of 1812 Americans invaded Canada but failed to conquer it British launched 2-prong attack in 1814 – Chesapeake invasion stopped at Battle of Fort McHenry – Champlain invasion stopped at Battle of Plattsburgh Andrew Jackson defeated British at New Orleans (Jan. 1815) Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) restored status quo ante bellum

British Burn Washington, Aug. 1814

Dolley Madison & Gilbert Stuart’s Portrait of Washington

Effects of the War of 1812 Renewed patriotism – Francis Scott Key’s “Star Spangled Banner” becomes national anthem – Capt. Lawrence’s cry, “Don’t give up the ship,” becomes Navy motto Created demand for more active federal government – Recognized Jefferson’s cuts left country woefully unprepared – Spurred internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.) Federalists discredited by talk of secession at the Hartford Convention (1814)

Ft. McHenry & Its Famous Flag