1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Lecture Outline Part 2

2 What do bone and cartilage look like? cell within a lacuna matrix Hyaline cartilage © Ed Reschke Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 4.2 Connective tissues in the knee. 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports

3 C. Fluid connective tissue: Blood Made of a ___________ called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements 3 formed elements: 1._____________ (erythrocytes) – cells that carry oxygen 2._____________ (leukocytes) – cells that fight infection 3.__________ (thrombocytes) – pieces of cells that clot blood 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports

4 C. Fluid connective tissue: Blood Figure 4.3 The formed elements of blood. 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. White blood cells platelets red blood cell plasma (surrounds formed elements)

5 C. Fluid connective tissue: Lymph Matrix is a _____ called lymph. White blood cells congregate in lymph nodes. 4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports

6 2. Muscle tissue It allows for _______ in the body. It is made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called actin and myosin. There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: A. skeletal, B. smooth, and C. cardiac. 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body

7 A. Muscle tissue - Skeletal Appearance: long, cylindrical cells, ______________, striated fibers Location: attached to bone for movement Nature: _________ movement Skeletal muscle has striated cells with multiple nuclei. occurs in muscles attached to skeleton. functions in voluntary movement of body. striationnucleus 250  Muscle fiber © Ed Reschke Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 4.5a. The three types of muscle tissue. 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body

8 B. Muscle tissue - Smooth Appearance: spindle-shaped cell with ___________, lacks striations Location: walls of _______ organs and vessels Nature: involuntary movement Smooth muscle has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus. cells have no striations. functions In movement of substances in lumens of body. is involuntary. is found in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract. 400  Smooth muscle cellnucleus © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 4.5b. The three types of muscle tissue. 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body

9 C. Muscle tissue – Cardiac Appearance: branched cells with a _____________, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells Location: heart Nature: involuntary movement 250  Cardiac muscle has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus. occurs in the wall of the heart. functions in the pumping of blood. is involuntary. Intercalated disknucleus © Ed Reschke Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 4.5c. The three types of muscle tissue. 4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body

10 3. Nervous tissue It allows _________________ between cells through sensory input, integration of data, and motor output. It is made of 2 major cell types: A. _________ and B. __________ 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates

11 A. Nervous tissue - neurons They are made of __________, a cell body, and an _____. ___________ carry information toward the cell body. ______ carry information away from the cell body. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nucleus Neuron cell body Astrocyte Microglia Oligodendrocyte myelin sheath axon Capillary dendrite nucleus cell body axon Micrograph of neuron dendrite © Ed Reschke Figure 4.6. A neuron and examples of supporting neuroglia cells. 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates

12 A. Nervous tissue - neuroglia They are a collection of cells that _______ and _______ neurons. They outnumber neurons 9:1. Examples are oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. axon dendrite nucleus cell body Astrocyte Neuron Oligodendrocyte nucleus cell body dendrite myelin sheath Microglia Capillary Micrograph of neuron © Ed Reschke Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates Figure 4.6. A neuron and examples of supporting neuroglia cells.