10.3: Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.

 Has the industrial revolution, on balance, been a good thing? o Advantages to human health vs. Harm to the environment

Defined  The industrial revolution consisted of the application of new sources of power to the production process, achieved with new technology – the transmission equipment necessary to apply this power to manufacturing. And it consisted of an increased scale in human organization that facilitated specialization and coordination at levels preindustrial groupings had rarely contemplated.

 Human and animal power replaced with motors powered by fossil fuels: mills (wind and water) and then the steam engine powered by coal. The industrial revolution progressively increased the proportion of the process accomplished by equipment without direct human guidance.

 The factory was a place where tasks were subdivided – a faster as well as a more fully coordinated work place in contrast to the more relaxed work styles characteristic of much preindustrial labor. o Discipline (time schedule) and Specialization (one job in the manufacturing process)

 Three waves o First wave in western Europe and the United States beginning in 1760 o Second wave in Russia, Japan, parts of eastern Europe, Canada, and Australia from the 1880s. o Third wave along the Pacific Rim, Turkey, India, Brazil, and parts of Latin America in the 1960s

 Urbanization o Enclosures of farmlands forced small farmers into cities. o To handle factory and related jobs, and because industrial machines began to take over some of the production previously performed in the countryside, cities grew rapidly. By 1850 half of Britain’s population lived in cities, the first such urban achievement in human history – for even the most effective agricultural societies had never been able to free more than 20 percent of a population from rural economy.

 Social Relations o A new sense of time and discipline o Changing relationships in the family o Move away from extended family and community relationships and toward the nuclear family. o Separate spheres for men and women  Public Sphere: Men worked outside the home and were the public face of the family (the voting member of the family).  Private Sphere: Women increasingly were restricted to the home where they were to nurture children.

 Warfare o Changed the nature of war o Massive and rapid troop movements, devastating weaponry, and greatly increased death and maiming in battle.

 Nations provided a new sense of community as populations shifted from rural to urban areas.  National and International Relations o Steam powered printing presses created a sense of national unity and solidified national languages. o Transportation and Communication o Locomotives and Steamships and the Telegraph o “Haves” and the “Have Nots”

 A great increase in the total output of goods and in individual worker output o Example: A spinning worker in 1820 France or Britain using steam-driven spindles instead of a manual spinning wheel could produce literally a hundred times the thread of a preindustrial counterpart. o However, as one historian has pointed out “The early industrial revolution in Britain was built on the backs of cheap labor driven mercilessly hard.”