FUNGICIDES

Disease Control Exclusion Keeping pathogen out Quarantine Equipment cleaned and sterilized

Disease Control Eradication Eliminate or destroy Sanitation Difficult to achieve 100%

Disease Control Resistance Resistance is genetic Tolerance is ability to endure Still infected

Disease Control Avoidance Prevent contact between host and pathogen Modify environment Planting time

Disease Control Protection Chemical Barrier that prevents infection

FUNGICIDES Fungicides kill or inhibit fungi Inhibit growth and reproduction Fungistatic Not all fungicides are curative Some only preventative

CONTACT FUNGICIDES Active on leaf surface Inhibit fungal growth Control for 7 to 14 days Rapidly degrade Light, MO, and exposure

CONTACT FUNGICIDES Was most common fungicides Less expensive Re-registration cost Less expensive Broad range of control Less resistance Multiple MOA Leaf spot diseases

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES Enter plant tissue Provide longer protection than contacts at lower rates As long as 21 to 28 days

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES Types of Penetrants Localized, little or no movement in the plant Translaminar moves across leaf blade Mesostemic moves into cuticle and epidermis

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES Types of Penetrants Acropetal, upward translocation Majority of penetrants are acropetal

PENETRANT FUNGICIDES Types of Penetrants Systemic, true systemic up and downward movement Fosetyl-al (common name)

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Selection of tolerant fungi by using the same class of chemical Same mode of action (MOA) Fungal pathogens that produce more spores more susceptible to developing resistance Botrytis, powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust Rotate fungicide classes http://www.frac.info codes

FRAC Code

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Contact prevent fungal growth by interrupting >2 growth processes Penetrants often interrupt only 1 process

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Humans (Disease) Alien (Contact fungicide) 3 MOA Spit acid Tail spear Mouth #2 If humans develop thick acid-resistant skin, Alien just stabs them with tail or mouth #2 Resistance averted

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Humans (Disease) Alien Jr. (Systemic fungicide) 1 MOA Suffocation If humans develop ability to breathe out ears, Alien Jr. no longer works Humans resistant

FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE Avoiding resistance Rotate chemical classes (FRAC) Tank mix contacts and penetrants Increases MOA and control spectrum

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Benzimidazoles Thiophanate-methyl very popular

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Dicarboximides Iprodione Good on flower blight

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Sterol Inhibitors Myclobutanil Fenarimol (documented disease resistance)

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Strobilurins Synthesized version of antifungal substance produced by fungus Strobilurus tenacellus Feeds on organic matter Inhibits competitive MO Very low toxicity EPA calls reduced risk

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CLASSES Strobilurins Single target site Resistance risk Azoxystrobin (Heritage) Wide range of control Long residual

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CLASSES Strobilurins Trifloxystrobin (Compass) Can travel 2” through air as vapor to other leaves

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Oomycete Products Oomycetes cause root rot Not true fungi Phytophthora Phythium Downy mildew Root rot fungicides Fosetyl-al (Aliette) Only true systemic

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Broad Spectrum Protectants Contact fungicides Rare resistant problems Chlorothalonil very popular Mancozeb

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Biological Antagonistic rather than fungicidal Protective Rootshield (Trichoderma fungus) Root disease Companion (Bacillus bacteria) Root and foliar disease

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Inorganic Bordeaux mixture Copper sulfate and lime Copper controls bacterial disease

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Natural Neem oil Foliar disease (contact) Various other functions Insecticide Toothpaste Etc.

Incomplete list of FUNGICIDE CATEGORIES Biological Injection-based systems Eco Soil Systems Bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.) BioTrek injection Fungus (Trichoderma)

COST COMPARISON PRODUCT COST OF PRODUCT OUNCES PER 100 GAL Subdue $210 / Quart 1 oz Terrazole $143 / Quart 7 oz Fenstop $278 / Quart 14 oz Fosphite $48 / Gallon 64 oz COST OF APPLCATION $7 $31 $122 $24