PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF AFLATOXINS IN GROUNDNUT.

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Presentation transcript:

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF AFLATOXINS IN GROUNDNUT

100 genotypes obtained from ICRISAT screened under artificially inoculated conditions 100 genotypes obtained from ICRISAT screened under artificially inoculated conditions The blocks were heavily infected with the fungus. The blocks were heavily infected with the fungus. 19 genotypes were free from infection 19 genotypes were free from infection Tested once again for confirmation in summer 2002 Tested once again for confirmation in summer 2002 The performance of the genotypes was not goodThe performance of the genotypes was not good In kharif 2002, 80 released varieties have been sown in these blocksIn kharif 2002, 80 released varieties have been sown in these blocks

An integrated package evaluated in farmers’ fields Summer Ploughing; Healthy kg/ha; Seed treatment with 2g/kg; Furrow application of Trichoderma (biocontrol agent tested at the NRCG) based in castor 500 kg/ha; Harvest at right maturity; Drying to reduce pod moisture quickly to less than 9%; Sorting of diseased pods; & Plant protection esp. management of leaf spots, rust, and stem rot, managing insect pest

AFLATOXIN ISSUES CONFLICTING ? No clear evidence yet that aflatoxins are carcinogenic to humans Study in China revealed no significantly higher incidence of liver cancer in groundnut producing/consuming provinces (Ref. Ecological Survey in the People’s Republic of China-1990 Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JEFCA) appointed by FAO and WHO reported that the direct carcinogenic potential of aflatoxins in humans has been over estimated. Human beings are in all probability substantially less susceptible than Rats, Rabbits, etc. Effect of toxin depends on the factors: Amount of toxin Frequency of intake Resistance of the body

AFLATOXIN ISSUES DISTURBING? Distribution of aflatoxin in peanut and corn is highly positively skewed Given skewed distribution of aflatoxin, particularly in whole kernels, it is extremely difficult to collect sample which accurately represent the mean lot concentration. As a result, sampling step is the largest source of variation Risk of Consumers and Producers associated with any sampling plan - lowering sample size, increasing farmers risk

ON-FARM DEMONSTRATIONS Site:Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India Distinction:World’s largest G’nut growing dist. (0.75 m.ha) with high aflatoxin risk ( ppb) Support:UNDP Support (Rs. 1million) Strength:5 Project Associates stationed at 5 adopted villages; 20 farmers in each village, 1 acre plot 100 demonstrations each in rainy and post rainy season.

Managing factors A. Pre - harvest At soil level: Deep ploughing/Soil solarization Application of Neem/Castor cake Application of sand in relatively heavier soils Application of Gypsum and Potash At plant level: Matching phenophase with drought pattern in a given location/situation – escape end of season drought Introducing genotypes with better testa resistance, seed colonization/ aflatoxin production Prophylactic measure for foliar fungal diseases – 1 spray of Chlorothalonil Trap cropping with Pigeonpea, Castor to protect main crop Judicious use of available water and provide of life saving irrigation-in case of prolonged drought spell Harvesting at appropriate physiological maturity B. Post - harvest Drying of plants with pod upside Quick threshing and drying to bring pod moisture at 7% Storage in Polythene lined gunny bag/galvanizedf tin container in cooler/humidity free place. Following these practices it has been possible to demonstrate aflatoxin risk free groundnut production even in high risk area