Resilience management in the Built Environment Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage Centre for Disaster Resilience School of the Built Environment University of Salford Salford Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK www.disaster-resilience.salford.ac.uk

Outline Resilience - the concept Characteristics of resilience The Built Environment A Resilient Built Environment… Potential areas of the resilient management curricula within RESINT

re·sil·ience Function: n 1: the power or ability to return to the original form, position, etc., after being bent, compressed, or stretched; elasticity. 2: ability to recover readily from illness, depression, adversity, or the like; buoyancy. Collins English Dictionary

“Resilience, or the power of resisting a body of motion” Thomas Tregbold Elementary Principles of Carpentry, 1853, p78

“Social resilience is the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change” Adgers (2000) Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Progress in Human Geography 24(3), 347-364. Defines social resilience as the ability of social systems to absorb change and to maintain their integrity. Can be defined collectively – it is a property of a system rather than of individuals. This article defines social resilience as the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change. This definition highlights social resilience in relation to the concept of ecological resilience which is a characteristic of ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance. There is a clear link between social and ecological resilience, particularly for social groups or communities that are dependent on ecological and environmental resources for their livelihoods. But it is not clear whether resilient ecosystems enable resilient communities in such situations. This article examines whether resilience is a useful characteristic for describing the social and economic situation of social groups and explores potential links between social resilience and ecological resilience. The origins of this interdisciplinary study in human ecology, ecological economics and rural sociology are reviewed, and a study of the impacts of ecological change on a resource-dependent community in contemporary coastal Vietnam in terms of the resilience of its institutions is outlined.

"The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. This is determined by the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures.” Terminology of disaster risk reduction UNISDR UK Resilience “The Government's aim is to reduce the risk from emergencies so that people can go about their business freely and with confidence.” UK Cabinet Office

Disaster resilience

Characteristics of resilience Understanding Resistance or absorbance Redundancy Adaptability and tolerance Learning Coping with the unknown Creativity Improvisation

Characteristics of resilience Understanding Known threats Construction of Pearl River Tower X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds.  Collapsed section of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge in response to Loma Prieta earthquake

Characteristics of resilience Capacity to resist of absorb Some physical redundancy Construction of Pearl River Tower X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds.  The first and perhaps most important principle – capacity – is that all infrastructures have, or should have, the capacity to withstand "known" disruptions, such as hurricanes and floods. Capacity includes not only the ability to absorb such disruptions but also a margin of additional ability to cope with disruptions larger than anticipated. Brittle

Characteristics of resilience Functional redundancy System, network of nodes Duplication of services Number of bridges Number of airports/runways

Characteristics of resilience Adaptability and tolerance Loose coupling Localised capacity Loose coupling When one node of an infrastructure element fails, that failure will not immediately propagate to and/or affect other nodes. Localised capacity Generators to ensure critical services can still operate Management of buildings and preparedness plans are key

Characteristics of resilience Learning Investigations by the University of California at Berkeley and the Louisiana State University Katrina, a category 5 hurricaine hit New Orleans Levees designed to regulate water levels Design failings – overestimated soil strength, soil strength was greater in calculations than actually existing; also presence of peat with a high water Erodable materials Insufficient capacity

Improvisation ‘no plan ever survives contact with the enemy’ Identified a need for quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions Sun Tzu, Art of War Sun Tzu emphasized the importance of positioning in military strategy, and that the decision to position an army must be based on both objective conditions in the physical environment and the subjective beliefs of other, competitive actors in that environment. He thought that strategy was not planning in the sense of working through an established list, but rather that it requires quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment, but in a changing environment, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations. An old military adage

Creativity

Characteristics of resilience Understanding Resistance or absorbance Redundancy Adaptability and tolerance Learning Coping with the unknown Creativity Improvisation

The built environment Attempts to describe in one holistic and integrated concept, the results of human activities The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise in the UK describes research in the built environment as, ‘encompassing the fields of architecture, building science and building engineering, construction, landscape, surveying, urbanism’ (HEFCE, 2008) In Higher Education, Griffiths (2003) describes, ‘a range of practice-oriented subjects concerned with the design, development and management of buildings, spaces and places’.

Characteristics of the built environment (Bartuska, 2007) It is intended to serve human needs, wants, and values Much of it is created to help us deal with, and to protect us from, the overall environment Every component of the built environment is defined and shaped by context

Consequences of these characteristics if it is damaged or destroyed The ability of society to function – economically and socially – is severely disrupted Severely disrupts economic growth and hinders a person’s ability to emerge from poverty Removes protection from hazards and increases a community’s vulnerability Individual and local nature of the built environment, shaped by context, restricts our ability to apply generic mitigation and reconstruction solutions Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation in construction typically forms 45 – 60 per cent of the total capital formation in all countries (Hillebrandt, 2000). Statistically it measures the value of additions to fixed assets purchased by business, government and households.

Resilience through the products and processes of the built environment Construct Nurture The built environment Develop Protect Stimulate Facilitate Adapted by Haigh and Amaratunga (2011) from Kretzmann and McKnight (1993)

Empower local people, particularly the marginilised

Sand mining Parsicuda

Buildings and infrastructure have the potential to both connect and divide communities

A resilient built environment “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Resist – buildings, spaces and places that maintain their original form and purpose Adapt – Change -

A resilient built environment “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

A resilient built environment Understand hazard threats “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

A resilient built environment Understand hazard threats Local and external capacity development “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

A resilient built environment Understand hazard threats Local and external capacity development Culturally appropriate methods and technologies “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

A resilient built environment Understand hazard threats Local and external capacity development Culturally appropriate methods and technologies Hazard resistant materials and technologies Protective infrastructure “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

A resilient built environment Understand hazard threats Local and external capacity development Culturally appropriate methods and technologies Hazard resistant materials and technologies Protective infrastructure Retrofitting Response plans, temporary shelter and services Sustainable development and planning Learn from previous hazard events “design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event” Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

Thank you Credits: Prof Richard Haigh and Prof Dilanthi Amaratunga