The Final December 15, 10:30 am, CHEM questions. Cumulative. 3 hours. We are unable to give alternate exam dates or times. Be on time, please—no late exams will be given

CHAPTER 11 OVERVIEW City Spaces: Urban Structure

Key Questions How are cities organized, and why? What are common patterns of urban structure? How do these create radically different urban experiences for different groups? How do we create different but co-existing cities in the same place for different people?

Organization of the Lecture I. The City and The City II. Principles of spatial organization  Example: Chicago III. Traditional urban forms  North America  Europe III. New urban forms

I. The City and the City

The City and the City Two cities: Beszel and Um Qota. Cities overlap: people in Beszel interact with “crosshatched” parts of Um Qota all the time. To interact with the other city is to “breach” They survive by “unseeing” and “unnoticing”

Modern Cities Are divided My “New York” is not Bloomberg’s New York is not a homeless person’s New York. We survive by “unseeing” the parts of the city that aren’t “ours” much of the time. How do cities come to be spatially segregated?

II. How are cities spatially patterned?

In an ideal world…. *Land utility and price is a function of accessibility. *Land is more valuable closer to the urban center. *Result is concentric zones of land use.

Urban patterns in real life Social factors change land use. Conundrum: why do the wealthy move to the suburbs? Group membership, identity, and symbolic value change the meaning of urban places. A mansion in Lake Forest, IL

The territorial clustering of subgroups of people Examples? A means of cultural preservation Creates places for minority institutions Establishes a power base in relation to host society. Congregation Chicago

Territoriality on the part of majority populations Restricting territory of minority groups. Blocks assimilation of minorities into host society Can be symbolic or institutional Discrimination Redlining in Chicago

Segregation The combined result of congregation and discrimination. Chicago: the most segregated city in America What kinds of segregations exist in your town? In Boulder?

Urban forms of segregation Enclaves Ghettos Colonies Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago

NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ISLAMIC WORLD Patterns of Urban Structure

North American Cities Organized around central business districts  Loop and El in Chicago CBD surrounded by a mixed use transition zone Residential districts are outlying

Processes of Neighborhood Change Invasion Succession Gentrification Example: Pilsen, Chicago  Was Czech  Now Latin American  Gentrifying West Side

Problems of North American Cities “Fiscal squeeze”—declining revenues meet increased demands for services Infrastructure Problems— obsolete built environment Neighborhood decay— exacerbated by the mortgage crisis, creates stigmatized areas Collapsed bridge on I-35W

Cycle of Poverty Poor people attracted to low rents in decaying areas. Underfunded, decaying areas lose businesses and jobs. Result is low employment, high stigma Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago

The City and The City US cities are income- segregated. How often do you go to a low-income area? Does your daily path go there? Is Boulder a different city for you and a low-income person? Your town?

European Cities Several advantages compared to US cities: Well-funded through municipal socialism Lively downtown areas Neighborhood stability Better infrastructure Downtown Toulouse, France

New Urban Forms: the Polycentric Metropolis “Splintering Urbanism” and sprawl have led to urban areas up to 100 miles wide. These areas have multiple centers and corridors. Postsuburbia, exurbia, technoburbs

Conclusions Cities are sprawling Larger cities are more spatially segregated. People of different ethnic and income groups now exist in enclaves, gentrified areas, suburbs, ghettos and other spatially distinct areas We can think about “the city and the city”---totally different cities that happen to be in the same place.