Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E. Add this information to your concept packet

I. Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technologyand cultures to new climate regions. A. Humans used fire in new ways: to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments. Fire is considered a technology, and an effect of the changing climates. B. Humans developed a wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra. Stone tools for hunting, and preparing food and shelter. Later Bronze and then Iron tools will be used for farming, shelter, and protection. C. Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting –foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. However, all groups were self- sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas, and goods. web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies

I. Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. A.Possibly as a response to climatic change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes. Know where these places are located. B.Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia. Branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep. D. Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production. Slash and burn agriculture, Deforestation, irrigation and damming water for crops. ( Environmental Damage) E. These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed. (Environmental Damage)

II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. B. Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites. ( First Social Classes) C. Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation. Required examples of improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation: Pottery improved ag production because they used this to carry water and keep the food stored Plows Quicker and easier way to break the ground to plant crops, uses domesticated animals as muscle. Woven textiles used for cloth and clothing, valuable for trade Metallurgy the technology of making metal. Replaced stone tools and weapons, where easier, faster and lighter to make. Wheels and wheeled vehicles Used to transport crops from the fields, and for transportation and trade.

Key Concept 1.3. The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies From about 5,000 years ago, urban societies developed, laying the foundations for the first civilizations. The term civilization is normally used to designate large societies with cities and powerful states. While there were many differences between civilizations, they also shared important features. They all produced agricultural surpluses that permitted significant specialization of labor. All civilizations contained cities and generated complex institutions, such as political bureaucracies, armies, and religious hierarchies. They also featured clearly stratified social hierarchies and organized long- distance trading relationships. Economic exchanges intensified within and between civilizations, as well as with nomadic pastoralists. As populations grew, competition for surplus resources, especially food, led to greater social stratification, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping. As civilizations expanded, they had to balance their need for more resources with environmental constraints such as the danger of undermining soil fertility. Finally, the accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred warfare between communities and/or with pastoralists; this violence drove the development of new technologies of war and urban defense.

II. The first states emerged within core civilizations. A.States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. Egyptian Pharaohs revered as gods. Chinese emperors where considered Son’s of Heaven ( Mandate of Heaven)

B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. The Hittite military made successful use of chariots. Although belonging to the Bronze Age, they were the forerunners of the Iron Age. Were situated geographically and had access to more food and resources.

C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. Political Structures and forms of governance -Sumerian kings emerged into Mesopotamia, ventured their own societies, and later conflicts turned to wars. -Conquerors extended their authority and built empires that took over affairs of cities and people -Each king had their own way of governing their empire Revolts and revolutions -Sargon seized control and his empire embraced all of Mesopotamia -After Sargon's empires fell of rebellion, Hammurabi later reigned as king of four quarters of the world, and became a more efficient ruler than Sargon since he had his own techniques -After Hammurabi's reign was over, Assyrians took over -However, Assyrian's empire was really unpopular which resulted in a fall and Babylonian empire was taking over for the second time Empires -Mesopotamian empires became stronger when Sumerian kings started improving on their reign -Hammurabi reigned the Babylonian empire and did a better job than Sargon because of his code, and ruling techniques -The Assyrian empire ruled after the Babylonian empire collapsed but its domination was quite unpopular -So for half a century, Babylon once again dominated Mesopotamia after the Assyrian empire had fallen Nations and nationalism -For almost a millennium, Sumerians cities such as Babylon, Kish, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, Ur, and Eridu dominated affairs in Mesopotamia -Basically, these empires ruled and took place in parts all over Mesopotamia Regional, trans regional, and global structures and organizations -The organization of each empire was operated differently in their own ways For example, Sumerian kings ruled in cooperation with nobles, Sargon reigned by conquering and seizing, Hammurabi ruled by a code, and Assyrians ruled by organizing powerful armies -The structure counted on whether kings ruled great or not, if not, their empire would fall because of rebellions

D. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. Compound bows and iron weapons New modes of transportation Chariots Horseback riding Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban Planning (Kings imposed taxes to pay for the construction of these monuments, as well as conquered peoples free labor “slavery” like in Mesopotamia and Egypt ) Ziggurats Religious monuments ( Mesopotamia ) Pyramids ( Egypt) Temples ( all of them) Defensive walls ( all of them) Streets and roads ( all of them) Sewage and water systems ( Indus )

Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. Sculpture Painting Wall decorations Elaborate weaving Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused. Cuneiform ( Mesopotamia ) Hieroglyphs ( Egypt) Pictographs ( China) Quipu ( Chavin)

D. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. F. Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and trans regional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology. Between Egypt and Nubia Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

G. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. Patriarchal Gender Systems - social system in which males are the primary authority figures central to social organization, occupy roles of political leadership, moral authority and control of property, and where fathers hold authority over women and children. It implies the institutions of male rule and entails female subordination.

H. Literature was also a reflection of culture. The “Epic of Gilgamesh” We know that Mesopotamia believed in many gods; we know they were self-conscious of their own cultivation of the natural world; and we know they were literate. Rig Veda- Rig means praise in Sanskrit, and the Rig Veda is a collection of hymns which sing praise for the gods. To this day, the book is considered the most holy of all Hindu texts, even though many of the gods who are the chief subjects in the hymns have lost much of their importance. Book of the Dead- The spells in the Book of the Dead depict Egyptian beliefs about the nature of death and the afterlife. The Book of the Dead is a vital source of information about Egyptian beliefs in this area.