Water Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 14 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts  The physical properties of water  Availability of fresh water  Methods of increasing freshwater supplies  Using water more efficiently  Problems associated with flooding

Water’s Unique Properties  Hydrogen bonding  Liquid over wide temperature range  Changes temperature slowly  High heat of evaporation  Great dissolving power  pH  Adhesion and cohesion  Expands when it freezes

Supply of Water Resources Fig p. 314 Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota % Biota % Rivers % Rivers % Atmospheric water vapor % Atmospheric water vapor % Lakes % Soil moisture % Groundwater 0.592% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 1.985% 0.014% 3%

Surface Water  Surface runoff  Reliable runoff: 1/3 of surface runoff  Watershed / Drainage basin

Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer Ground Water Fig p. 315 Zone of Saturation

Use of Water Resources  Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff  Agriculture (West US)  Water Subsidies  Agriculture (West US)  Water Subsidies  Industry (East US)  Power plants Fig p. 316 United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture 38%

1 automobile 1 kilogram cotton 1 kilogram aluminum 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 1 kilogram rice 1 kilogram corn 1 kilogram paper 1 kilogram steel 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 10,500 liters (2,400 gallons) 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1,500 liters (400 gallons) 880 liters (230 gallons) 220 liters (60 gallons ) Figure 14-6 Page 316

Too Little Water  Dry climate  Drought  Dessication  Water stress Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Fig p. 317

HighNone North America South America Stress Africa Europe Asia Australia Figure 14-8 Page 318 Stress on Major River Basins

Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water Large losses of water through evaporation Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Fig p. 319

Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries Deposit silt that maintains deltas Purify water Renew and nourish wetlands Provide habitats for aquatic life Conserve species diversity Dam Benefits: Figure Page 319

Dam Aqueduct or canal Upper Basin Lower Basin IDAHO WYOMING UTAH Salt Lake City Las Vegas CALIFORNIA Boulder City Los Angeles Palm Springs San Diego Mexicali Yuma Phoenix Tucson LOWER BASIN ARIZONA Grand Canyon UPPER BASIN Grand Junction Denver COLORADO NEW MEXICO Albuquerque MEXICO Lake Powell Glen Canyon Dam All-American Canal Gulf of California mi. 150 km Figure Page 320

Figure Page 320 RUSSIA MONGOLIA CHINA NEPAL BHUTAN INDIA BANGLADESH BURMA LAOS VIETNAM PACIFIC OCEAN Beijing CHINA Jailing River Chongquing Yichang Wunan Yangtze River Shanghai YELLOW SEA EAST CHINA SEA Three Gorges Dam Reservoir China’s Three Gorges Dam

Three Gorges Dam Reservoir

Transferring Water from One Place to Another (North vs. South) North Bay Aqueduct North Bay Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct California Aqueduct CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH MEXICO Central Arizona Project Colorado River Aqueduct Los Angeles Aqueduct Shasta Lake Sacramento Fresno Phoenix Tucson ARIZONA Colorado River Sacramento River Sacramento River San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego  Watershed transfer  A. California Water Project  B. Central Arizona Project Fig p. 323

The battle for water… North -Sending water would affect fisheries -Reduce “flushing action” in San Francisco Bay -South has inefficient irrigation South - Need more water for crops to support LA and San Diego South - Need more water for crops to support LA and San Diego

CANADA UNITED STATES NEWFOUNDLAND ATLANTIC OCEAN ONTARIO James Bay Hudson Bay Chisasibi QUEBEC New York City Chicago II I Figure Page 323 James Bay Watershed Project -Impacts on Native Inuit and Cree

Phase II and III: REJECTED! - Flood Inuit and Cree - Surplus of energy

KAZAKHSTAN TURKMENISTAN UZBEKISTAN ARAL SEA Is the Aral Sea Shrinking ?

Tapping Groundwater  Year-round use  No evaporation losses  Often less expensive  Potential Problems!

Problems with Using Groundwater  Water table lowering ( See Fig p. 326 )  Depletion ( See Fig p. 326 )  Subsidence ( See Fig p. 326 )  Saltwater intrusion ( See Fig p. 328 )  Chemical contamination  Reduced stream flows See Case Study p. 327

Groundwater Overdrafts: High Moderate Minor or none

Subsidence: High Moderate Minor or none

WYOMINGSOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA COLORADO KANSAS OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO TEXAS 0100 Miles Kilometers Less than 61 meters (200 ft) meters ( ft) More than 183 meters (600 ft) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places) 0160

Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Saltwater Intrusion Normal Interface Fresh groundwater aquifer Interface Salt water Sea Level Water table

Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain  Distillation desalination  Reverse osmosis desalination  Desalination is very expensive  Cloud seeding

Using Water More Efficiently  Reduce losses due to leakage  Reform water laws  Improve irrigation efficiency ( Fig p. 330 )  Improving manufacturing processes  Water efficient landscaping  Water efficient appliances

Too Much Water: Floods  Natural phenomena Floodplain Levee Flood wall Dam Reservoir  Channelization  Aggravated by human activities Fig p. 332

Oxygen released by vegetation Diverse ecological habitat Evapotranspiration Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind Agricultural land Steady river flow Leaf litter improves soil fertility Tree roots stabilize soil and aid water flow Vegetation releases water slowly and reduces flooding Forested Hillside

Tree plantation Evapotranspiration decreases Ranching accelerates soil erosion by water and wind Winds remove fragile topsoil Gullies and landslides Heavy rain leaches nutrients from soil and erodes topsoil Rapid runoff causes flooding After Deforestation Roads destabilize hillsides Agriculture land is flooded and silted up Silt from erosion blocks rivers and reservoirs and causes flooding downstream

Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future  Efficient irrigation  Water-saving technologies  Improving water management See Fig p. 336

Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches Leveling fields with lasers Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary Polyculture Organic farming Growing water-efficient crops using drought- resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties Irrigating with treated urban waste water Importing water-intensive crops and meat Reducing Water Waste in Irrigation

Gravity Flow (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river. Drip Irrigation (efficiency 90-95%) Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots. Center Pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler) Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.

Redesign manufacturing processes Landscape yards with plants that require little water Use drip irrigation Fix water leaks Use water meters and charge for all municipal water use Raise water prices Require water conservation in water-short cities Use water-saving toilets, showerheads, and front- loading clothes washers Collect and reuse household water to irrigate lawns and nonedible plants Purify and reuse water for houses, apartments, and office buildings Farming Solutions

Not depleting aquifers Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems Preserving water quality Integrated watershed management Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations Marketing of water rights Wasting less water Decreasing government subsides for supplying water Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste Slowing population growth Solutions for Industry, Homes, and Business

Key Concepts  Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants  Major pollution problems of surface water  Major pollution problems of groundwater  Reduction and prevention of water pollution  Drinking water quality

Types and Sources of Water Pollution  Point sources  Nonpoint sources  Biological oxygen demand  Water quality Refer to Tables 19-1 and 19-2 p. 484 and 485 Fig p. 485

Point and Nonpoint Sources NONPOINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Fig p. 486

Pollution of Streams  Oxygen sag curve  Factors influencing recovery Fig p. 488

Pollution of Lakes  Eutrophication, clean up?  Slow turnover  Thermal stratification  Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification  Thermal stratification  Bioaccumulation vs Biomagnification Fig p. 491

Case Study: The Great Lakes Fig p. 492

Groundwater Pollution: Sources  Low flow rates  Few bacteria  Cold temperatures, slow chemical rxns Fig p. 494 Coal strip mine runoff Pumping well Waste lagoon Accidental spills Groundwater flow Confined aquifer Discharge Leakage from faulty casing Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Gasoline station Buried gasoline and solvent tank Sewer Cesspool septic tank De-icing road salt Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Water pumping well Landfill

Case study: Arsenic in Groundwater USEurope? 1942: 50 ppb 1962: 10 ppb 2001: 50 ppb*3ppb = 1/ : 10 ppbrisk of cancer

World Health Organization 0 colonies/100mL in drinking H colonies/100mL in swimming H20 What to look for? Chemical analysis, dissections, computer modeling, and indicator sp.

Groundwater Pollution Prevention  Monitoring aquifers  Leak detection systems  Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal  Storing hazardous materials above ground

Ocean Pollution Fig p. 498

Case Study: Chesapeake Bay  Largest US estuary  Relatively shallow  Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic  Major problems with dissolved O 2 Fig p. 500

Oil Spills  Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks  Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering  Significant economic impacts  Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters  Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution Nonpoint Sources Point Sources  Reduce runoff  Buffer zone vegetation  Reduce soil erosion  Clean Water Act  Water Quality Act

Technological Approach: Septic Systems  Require suitable soils and maintenance Fig p. 504

Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment  Mechanical and biological treatment Fig p. 504

Technological Approach: Advanced Sewage Treatment  Removes specific pollutants Fig p. 505

Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage Fig p. 506

Drinking Water Quality  Safe Drinking Water Act  Maximum contaminant levels  Bottled water Fig p. 495