 Define the following terms in your own words:  Prehistory  Nomad  Culture

 No written records – how do we know anything? (written records start 5,000 ago)  Archaeologists  Find fossils  Find artifacts – things  tools, jewelry  Anthropologists  Study artifacts  Culture – people’s unique way of life  Paleontologists  Find and study fossils – bones, teeth  What do these tell us?

 Culture  Common Practices: Food, clothing/jewelry, sports, tools/technology, social customs, work  Shared Understandings: language, symbols, religious beliefs, values, the arts, political beliefs  Social Organization: family, class and caste, relationships b/w individual and community, government, economic system, view of authority How it’s learned – observation, direct instruction through language. Family, Friends, Media, School, Religion, Government.

 Australopithecus (Southern Ape) - walked upright and had opposable thumbs – 4-1 million yrs ago.  The Leakey’s - Husband & wife anthropologists  1978 Tanzania - Footprints  Donald Johanson 1974  Ethiopia  Lucy, oldest known Hominid skeleton  Lived 3.5 million years ago

 Australopithecus— Lucy  4 mil-1 mil BCE  Homo habilis — “skilled man”  2.5 mil – 1.5 mil BCE – new species  East Africa  Basic tools – allowed for meat eating, traveling, more energy=bigger brain

 Homo erectus “upright man” – another new species  1.6 mil – 200,000 BCE  More sophisticated tools  Fire! = weapons, toolmaking, extension of day/warmth, safety (=homes),cooking (affects jaw size)  Hunter/gatherer, maybe built shelters, maybe spoken language (=cooperation/planning, naming/idea exchange), migration – 1 st hominids to move from Africa, to Asia/Europe, probably 500,000 yrs ago. – hunted animals that traveled

 Homo Sapiens- “wise man” - many believe evolved from Homo Erectus, physically resemble, but much larger brains  Neanderthals- died out? Modern humans have very small amounts of their DNA  200,000 – 30,000 BCE – lived in Europe and W. Asia during ice age  Ritual burials – 1 st to do so, caring for sick/injured  Spoken language – possibly sign language/simple words  Music – discovery of a flute in the 1990’s

 Homo Sapiens Sapiens (Cro-Magnon) – Modern humans  Evolved in East Africa, also from Homo Erectus (new theory – stayed in Africa longer, ate fish = bigger brains)  Began to evolve around ,000 years ago, left Africa about 85,000 yrs ago, appeared in Europe 40,000 years ago, by 30,000 yrs ago – only “people” on Earth (we think!)  Other migrations – 65,000-50,000 yrs ago, people began heading toward Australia from S.E. Asia (boats). 30,000-13,000, people crossed Bering Strait (on foot), or followed coast in boats to the Americas

 Cro-Magnon man becomes more “modern” – art, technology, agriculture, domestication of animals  Art – cave paintings, painting of the dead, carving of small statues, baking clay, trade, belief in spirits/gods (religious ceremonies to ask for help, protection), jewelry, first calendars?  Over 100 new tools (spear thrower, fish hook, sewing needle)  Advanced speech  Created larger groups/tribes, planned hunts

Paleolithic Age  “Old Stone Age”  2.5 million to about 8000 BCE  Invention of tools, mastery over fire, development of language  Last ice age ended about 10,000BCE Neolithic Age  “New Stone Age”  BCE  pottery, crops, domesticate and raise livestock

 Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Rev.)  People had always been Nomads, Hunter/Gatherers  Then…agriculture become the primary way of life  Leads to far reaching changes in human life – Settlement, “civilization”  Began in Middle East,  Developed independently around the world

 Maybe scattered seeds and returned the next season to find plants growing  Slash and Burn Farming  Change in climate – ice age ending, this changes plant life (huge forests growing, drier land, longer growing seasons), changes animals (dying off of big mammals, hunting of smaller mammals)  More wild grain supports population growth = pressure to find new food sources  Domestication of animals - tamed goats, horses, pigs, dogs – like farming, developed slowly  Domestication = herds = constant source of meat, milk, fur

 China  Yellow River Valley  grain  Africa  Nile River Valley  wheat, barley  Peru  Andes  Tomatoes, potatoes  Mexico/ Central America  Corn, bean, squash

1. Advanced Cities- center of trade, not always population based 2. Specialized workers- skilled, artisans made goods by hand 3. Complex Institutions- long lasting, government, religion and economy 4. Record keeping- Scribes using Cuneiform “wedge shaped” 5. Improved Technology- Bronze Age

 Discovered in 1958  Obsidian trade  Religious shrines  Agricultural surplus =Skilled Workers  8000 year old  "forked mound”  Oldest Civilization  Turkey

 Walled City  security  Agriculture with irrigation  Inner city life  artisans, trades  Marketplace- trade system of Barter  Sacred Space- Ziggurat  “Mountain of God” also functioned as a storehouse

 Specialization of workers  Center of trade  Bronze Age – starts about 3000 BCE  Social Classes emerge  Barter system – no money yet

1. What are the 5 characteristics of a civilization? 2. What is the first city with irrigation? 3. Draw a ziggurat

 Describe life for the prehistoric man in exactly 12 words.