HELLO EVERYONE !

And... How are you, today ?

And... What on Earth could we actually learn today ?

Because after all... What could you possibly want to learn that you do not already know ?

Indeed... Don't you already know how to conjugate English verbs in nearly all of their possible forms, including the present, progressive, future, conditional and past ?...

… On top of knowing how to engage a conversation and to pronounce English words and sentences properly ?

Well... It does look like you are now much better equipped to deal with the English language than you were at the beginning...

And at this point, why not to simply look for what we can do in order to allow you to become...

FULLY EQUIPPED !!!...

So... Are you ready to take up this challenge ?

GOOD ANSWER !... So let's see what we can do about this !...

And to start with... Do you feel confident in telling just what exactly is an...

AUXILIARY VERB ? Or a modal ? And the difference between such verbs and normal verbs ?

I know, it's a rather complicated question... But at this point, you probably know at least something about modals, right ?

Do you have any idea about what exactly they might be ? And what about the other auxiliary verbs ?

YES !... DO, HAVE and BE !...

So, in your opinion... What would be the relation, or the differences between modals and other auxiliary verbs ?

NOT BAD !!... Not bad at all !

And while we're at it... Why not to see what experts have to say about it ?

...And take a look to the following sites !... alverbs.html

So just so as to simplify this even a step further... It actually looks like...

Auxiliary verbs are simply used to... « HELP » another verb, notably by adding some extra meaning to it...

And now let's see if, by taking a look to the following examples, you can actually find the main difference between MODALS and OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS...

MODALS I can play guitar. He can play guitar. OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS I am playing guitar. He is playing guitar.

BINGO !... Other auxiliary verbs are CONJUGATED, while modals are not !...

So, at this point... Aren't you getting eager to discover what those other auxiliary verbs can actually be used for ?

Well, then... Let's just do that !...

And in the first place, do you recognize, in the examples we just looked at, an auxiliary verb that we already knew, even if we did not call it by this name...

It is, indeed, the verb that is used in building the present progressive form.... So, what is it ?

YES, INDEED !... The verb TO BE !!...

And now, apart from using it as an auxilliary verb in present progressive constructions, what else can we do with the verb TO BE ?

It can also be simply used as a verb !... Well, of course...

And as such, the verb TO BE is naturally used mostly to describe states and qualities, most often expressed by adjectives, as we can see in the following sentences...

She is very happy about her new job. They are thirteen years old. Our teacher is so funny, kind and interesting !...

Now, if you look at the next bunch of examples, you will see that the verb TO BE is then used in the exact same way, but you might notice something rather special about the adjectives themselves... Let's see if you can find out what it is !...

This house is very well built. Your favorite cup is now broken into three pieces. We are so excited about this lesson !

What kind of words do these « adjectives » make you think about ? So, to be more precise...

YES ! They look like verbs ! And do you know why ?

It's because that's just what they are !...

They represent a special form of the verb, called the « PAST PARTICIPLE ».... And more precisely...

But if you found it hard to tell whether these words were verbs or adjectives, don't worry ! It's absolutely normal, because...

It is the very property of a « PARTICIPLE » to « share some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives », as you can see here !... rticiple

And by the way, did you know that there is also something called the « PRESENT PARTICIPLE », and that you already know how to build it ?

Of course, since that is the form of the verb that ends in -ING, and that is used to build the present progressive tense ! And just in case you don't remind it, here are some examples of this form : RUNNING JUMPING CLIMBING DIVING SWIMMING PLAYING WORKING

Besides, just like any adjective, let it be noted that the present or past participles do not necessarily need TO BE or any other verb for being used, since they can simply modify a noun by being placed next to it, as you can see by looking at these examples...

The following examples are indeed interesting ! This broken cup was one of my favorite ! The excited students are all eager to get to class !

GREAT !... But now that you realize you already know how to form the present participle, you are surely wondering...

What about forming the PAST participle !?!...

And now, well... IT DEPENDS !...

Depends on what ? Well... … On whether the verb is regular or not, simply !

So why not to start by finding how to build the past participle for regular verbs, by simply looking at the following examples ?

Accept : ACCEPTED Enjoy : ENJOYED Flash : FLASHED Talk : TALKED Welcome : WELCOMED

So, how do you build the past participle of a regular verb ? Well, indeed...

Simply by doing the exact same thing that you do in order to produce the simple past tense ! Or in other words, you're right ! You simply need to...

Add -ED to the verb !...

And for doing so... You also need to simply apply the same 3 special rules that we saw before, naturally !...

And as for the past participle of the irregular verbs, well, of course...

They're irregular !...

So, once again, why not to come back a few moments to our list of the most useful irregular verbs ?...

And this time, let's just take a closer look at this mysterious third column that we decided to ignore last time !...

So, if you agree...

LET'S GO !...

And let's just open, once again, the document called « Most useful irregular verbs » !...

And, just like we did last time for the simple past forms... Let's see how many of the irregular past participle forms you already know, and let's just discover the others !...

Why not to learn for next class what are thus the most useful irregular past participle forms ? And by the way...

And now, all this is certainly great, but...

Does anyone have an idea about what the past participle can actually be used for ?

Apart from being used just as a simple adjective, like when it is preceded by the verb TO BE, as we could see a few slides before ?

Well, why not to find at least one other answer to this excellent question, by just looking to these examples !...

The window is broken by the ball. The mouse is eaten by the cat. The shark is eaten by the man.

And while we're at it, let's take a closer look at the third example, and let's modify it a little bit, compare it to another sentence, and see if you can discover the difference between the two...

The man eats the shark. The shark eats the man.

Surely you can agree that there is indeed quite a difference between...

THIS...

… and THAT !!...

And just so we can understand this difference even better...

Can you tell, in these two sentences, who DOES the action ?

The man eats the shark. The shark eats the man.

And in the same two sentences, can you now tell who RECEIVES the action ?

The man eats the shark. The shark eats the man.

EXCELLENT !... And now, let's see if we can express this difference in a somewhat more grammatical language...

So, in a sentence, how would you call the person or thing that DOES the action ? A) The SUBJECT B) The OBJECT

And how would you call the person or thing that RECEIVES the action ? A) The SUJECT B) The OBJECT

YOU GOT IT !... And now that you have apparently grasped this most crucial distinction...

Let's just get back to the following sentence, and see if you can tell what happens to the position of its subject and object in the next slide... The man eats the shark.

The shark is eaten by the man.

YES INDEED ! They just switched position !

And getting back to the previous examples, can you find what exactly are the two parts of the verbs we see in these sentences ?

The window is broken by the ball. The mouse is eaten by the cat. The shark is eaten by the man.

BINGO ! It appears that the verbs in these sentences are conjugated just like this...

BE (conjugated) + PAST PARTICIPLE

So if we combine all our observations about these constructions, it looks like they all basically follow this pattern...

Object + BE (conjugated) + PAST PARTICIPLE + BY + Subject

And as for the name of this new construction, well there it is...

We are actually talking here about the... PASSIVE VOICE !...

The passive voice thus represents another fundamental usage of the verb TO BE and of the past participle...

You must certainly be thinking that the passive voice is definitely a great thing, but wondering « what exactly is it for » ? Now, of course...

And now... To answer such a good question...

Why not to simply... … ask the experts about it ?...

And so let's just take a look to the following sites !... up/grammar/passive ve_voice.htm

So, to sum it up... It looks like the passive voice can be used for these three main reasons...

1) To focus on the action (or event) 2) To focus on the object 3) For politeness

Coming back to the actual construction of the passive voice... And now...

What do you think would be the best word to describe the role of the verb TO BE in forming the passive voice ? A) A verb ? B) A modal ? C) An auxiliary ?

YOU GOT IT RIGHT !... An AUXILIARY, of course !...

And besides, it looks like this can easily be confirmed by another expert, as we can see just by going here !... voice_passive.htm

What do you think would happen TO THE VERB if we tried to put into the passive voice a sentence in which modals are used ? And now by the way...

Well, of course... There probably is only one way to know about it for sure, namely to...

Do a little research !... And for this, let's just take a look at the following examples !

The cat may eat the mouse. The mouse may be eaten by the cat. The ball could break the window. The window could be broken by the ball.

So it appears that, as always, one of the basic properties of modals is not only to remain invariable, but to also strip the following verbs of any conjugation !

And in the case of the passive voice, this actually means that the verb TO BE is just not actually conjugated when used with a modal, and thus keeps its infinitive form, which is... Well, what is it, already ?

YES !... BE !...

And apart from that, can you guess, by taking another look to the same examples, where exactly should a modal be placed, in a sentence formulated in the passive voice ?

The cat may eat the mouse. The mouse may be eaten by the cat. The ball could break the window. The window could be broken by the ball.

Indeed, the modal simply appears to be at its usual place in a sentence... And where exactly is that place, already ?

YES AGAIN !... Just before the verb, as usual !...

Oh, and one last thing... What do you think would happen if we were to conjugate in the simple past a sentence in the passive voice ?

And more precisely... What part of the verb should then be conjugated in the simple past ?

And just to settle this straight away... Why not to find that out by simply looking at the next slide !

The package is sent to China. The package was sent to China. She is told she did great. She was told she did great. The assignments are completed on time. The assignments were completed on time.

EXACTLY ! The auxiliary, on in other words, BE !

And now that we know not only how to build the passive voice but when and why to use it... ALL RIGHT !...

Why not to practice and test our new knowledge by going through a few good...

EXERCISES !...

And more precisely, let's just get to these other web sites !... hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/active_or_ passive.htm up/grammar/passive/exercises up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present- 2

CONGRATULATIONS !...

Coming back to the original objectives of this lesson... And now...

It looks like we have now learned how to use at least one auxiliary verb, namely BE, in building not only the present progressive tense but also the passive voice...

And on top of that, we have even discovered the notion of participle, and learned how to use it with the verb TO BE, notably in order to build the passive voice...

But there still remains to be seen one rather crucial way in which the past participle may be used... And so...

Why not to just... Find out what it is !?!...

So in the first place, let's try to find, by looking at the next examples, what auxiliary verb is being used with the past participle...

I have seen that movie twenty times. He has never traveled by plane. I have studied. He has written a letter to María. You have grown since the last time I saw you.

This time, the auxiliary verb that is used is not TO BE, but TO HAVE !... YES INDEED !...

In fact, this specific way to use the past participle actually represents a new verb tense, and probably the last one we will need to study together, at least for now... And by the way, the name of this ultimate verb tense is...

THE PRESENT PERFECT !...

And as you might have realized by now, the present perfect tense is actually built just like this...

Subject + HAVE (properly conjugated, in the simple present) + PAST PARTICIPLE

What would be the point of discovering a new verb tense, if we did not even learn what it is actually used for ? But as usual...

So let's try to find out at least one first reason for using the present perfect tense, by simply looking at the next few examples...

… and more precisely, by trying to determine if these sentences describe past actions that happen at some A) SPECIFIED MOMENT B) UNSPECIFIED MOMENT

I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon.

The most basic reason to use the present perfect is to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time before now. YOU GOT IT !...

And now, by looking at the next set of examples, let's try to find if the present perfect should be used for events that are A) COMPLETED B) UNCOMPLETED

He has lived in Canada for 5 years. In 1985, I lived in Florida. James has not finished his homework yet. John finished his homework yesterday. The train has still not arrived. The train arrived in time yesterday. School has not started yet. School started last week.

The present perfect will be used when we are still waiting for the action to be completed, whereas if the action is completed, the simple past will be used instead. INDEED !

Finally, in order to discover a third crucial reason for using the present perfect, let's try to see, in the following examples, if the action A) STILL HAS AN INFLUENCE ON THE PRESENT B) IS NOT RELEVANT ANY MORE

I have lost my keys. I can't come because I have broken my leg. I have learned English in my childhood.

BINGO !...

It looks like the present perfect tense can essentially be used for these three basic reasons : And so, to sum it up...

1) Happened at some unspecified time in the past 2) Are still waiting to be completed 3) Still have an influence on the present For describing actions that..

But once again... That may actually not exactly be the end of the story, as you may see by looking at a few next examples...

And in fact... Do you think you may even guess what is a first more specific reason for using the present perfect, by looking at these examples ?...

I haven't smoked today. I've lived here all my life. Have you ever been to China? My brother has written several plays. I have never driven such a fast car.

WELL SAID ! For actions happening in a period of time that includes the present, and that is thus incomplete !...

And now, since you're so well started... Why not to go for yet another bunch of examples !...

I have been to France. I have been to France three times. I have never been to France. I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.

THAT'S EXACTLY IT ! To describe your EXPERIENCE, simply !...

And in the same vein... How would you describe the use of the present perfect in the following examples ?

Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom. I have climbed that mountain many times before.

INDEED ! We are actually speaking here about ACHIEVEMENT S !...

And now... What's next ?...

Well... You guessed right !

We'll just move to yet another bunch of examples !...

You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. The interest of the government for the environment has decreased over the years.

THIS IS CORRECT ! The present perfect can indeed be used to describe a change that has happened over a period of time !

And if you now allow me to show you a final bunch of examples...

The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

I couldn't have put it any better ! We can finally use the present perfect to talk about multiple actions that have occured at different times !...

And by the way... In case you still consider you couldn't get enough knowledge about the present perfect...

I would actually recommend at least taking a look at the following document : « Present perfect bonus »...

And now, as usual when dealing with auxiliaries or modals, there still remains one last thing to do before we can say that we really master the issue, namely to learn how to conjugate the form in the... ALL RIGHT !

Negative, abbreviated,, and abbreviated negative forms ! Do you think you can do it ? Anyway, let's just give it a try !...

By conjugating all these forms in the following verbs…

SEE BE

Well, this certainly looks like a PERFECT mastery of the present PERFECT tense !... And while we're at it...

Let's see if we can fully conjugate, and thus in the positive, negative, contracted and negative contracted forms, all of these new constructions we recently discovered : HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, GOT TO and GOTTA (contraction), with the verb TO GO... And... Let's go !...

AWESOME !

And now, just for the fun of it, let's see how to turn into the passive voice a verb conjugated in the present perfect tense...

And more precisely, let's just see if, by looking at the next slide, you can discover WHAT PART of a passive construction should then actually be conjugated in the present perfect tense...

The mouse is eaten by the cat. The mouse has been eaten by the cat. You are promoted. You have been promoted. I am told you are doing well. I have been told you are doing well. This lesson is given by Mister Tremblay. This lesson has been given by Mister Tremblay.

YOU GOT IT !... The auxiliary, or in other words the verb BE itself !

And now that you have apparently reached a point of nearly PERFECT mastery of the present PERFECT...

Why not to put your mastery to the test, by completeting a few good...

EXERCISES !...

And as usual, let's just get to some well-built sites, such as these ones !... anglais-1/exercice-anglais-18.php mar/pperf1.htm hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_presen t_perfect.htm

EXCELLENT ! And now, as usual, why not to put this new understanding into practice by simply...

Talking to each other !...

And since we now know that the present perfect tense is the one that is typically used to describe accomplishments, why not to ask each other...

What are our... GREATEST ACHIEVE- MENTS ?...

So... LET'S JUST DO IT !....

And so, let's just open the document called « Perfect achievements »...

GOOD JOB !

And now that you have practically reached a PERFECT understanding of the present PERFECT...

We might as well just bid each other farewell...

And may everything in your life be...

PERFECT !...

And as a part of such a perfect life... Why not to have another great English class next week ?

So... See you next class !

Mister Tremblay cours d'anglais All rights reserved Tous droits réservés