CONSTRUCTION Objective 6.02

You will need to write all the information down but you need to highlight, mark, or note that the items in yellow are important.

Starting Out Building standards are set by: 1) State Agency 2) Federal Agency 3) Local Agency *Yellow is important!*

The Foundation The foundation is the underlying base and support of a home. It consists of the footing (a continuous concrete base that supports the foundation walls below ground level. (p259) Foundation walls are made from poured concrete or concrete block. There are three types of foundation constructions: 1) Basement 2) Crawl Space 3) Slab The foundation has to be waterproofed. Waterproofing material (black plastic) is applied on the outer face of the foundation.

The Frame The Frame is the skeleton of the housing structure. It supports the wall and roof materials.

The Floor Frame The first piece of floor frame attached to the foundation is the sill plate. The floor frame consists of girders, (major support beams that support the floor joists) joists, (floor joists are nailed to header joists at max. intervals of 20”.) and sub-flooring. Standards floors are built to hold 100lbs per sq. ft. (p.262)

The Wall Frame The wall frame is built on top of the floor frame. It supports the ceiling, upper floors, and roof. The frame consists of vertical studs placed every 16-24” apart. (p 263) The wall frame is built on top of the floor frame. It supports the ceiling, upper floors, and roof. The frame consists of vertical studs placed every 16-24” apart. (p 263)

The Ceiling Frame When beginning to frame the roof the series of beams that would be constructed first is the ceiling joists (horizontal beams that act as floor joists for second and attic floors). On most roofs the rafters (parallel beams that support the roof) past the edge of the exterior wall to provide the overhang, which prevents water from running down the walls. (p. 264)

Finishing the Exterior Rough board called sheathing is applied to the outside of the wall framing and roof. Sheathing is either oriented strand board (OSB board) or plywood. After sheathing is up builders usually wrap the home with heavy waterproof material. This creates a protective envelope that keeps out water and moisture.

Finishing the Exterior Cont.. Brick, wood, stucco, stone, and siding are used to finish the exterior of a house. Wood is commonly used for siding material but is ranked as high maintenance. Aluminum siding is better because is helps lower heating and cooling costs and is durable. Vinyl siding is brittle and can crack or break under extreme weather conditions. Fiberglass looks like wood shingles and comes in a variety of colors.

The Roof The roof protects the home’s interior from the weather. Light colored roofs are popular in hot climates because they keep the home cool. By reflecting sunlight, lighter roof colors can reduce heat reduction 20-50%.

The Roof Cont.. Shingles- are thin pieces of material laid in overlapping rows that cover the roof. Shakes- are more expensive than shingles and should be treated with fire retardant and decay- resistant chemicals

Roofing Materials Slate/Tile- Slate is one of the most aesthetically pleasing and durable of all roofing materials. Installed properly, slate roofs require relatively little maintenance and will last 60 to 125 years or longer depending on the type of slate employed, roof configuration, and the geographical location of the property. Some slates have been known to last over 200 years. Slate/Tile- Slate is one of the most aesthetically pleasing and durable of all roofing materials. Installed properly, slate roofs require relatively little maintenance and will last 60 to 125 years or longer depending on the type of slate employed, roof configuration, and the geographical location of the property. Some slates have been known to last over 200 years.

Slate / Tile Roofing

Metal Roofs A metal roof is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles. They are components of the building envelope. One of the major advantages of metal roof sheeting is that, in most of its forms, it is light weight, and therefore portable. Fire and spark resistant. A metal roof is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles. They are components of the building envelope. One of the major advantages of metal roof sheeting is that, in most of its forms, it is light weight, and therefore portable. Fire and spark resistant.roofingmetaltiles building enveloperoofingmetaltiles building envelope

The Chimney A chimney has two parts: 1) FLUE- vertical shaft through which smoke and hot gases are carried to open air. 2) CAP- the top of the chimney Flashing (consists of strips of sheet metal that is placed around the chimney and other roof openings to prevent moisture from leaking through the roof openings.

Insulation The purpose of insulation is to reduce the passage of heat through the walls and roof. Insulation needs to be the thickest over the ceiling. The effectiveness of insulation depends on its R value.

Forms of Insulation The basic types include: 1) Flexible - comes in blanket form made of fiber glass 2) Loose fill – can be poured, blown in, or packed. The most effective insulation for floors. 3) Foam- pumped through a tube and expands after application to fill in the cracks and crevices.

Windows Sash- frame work that surrounds the glass Muntins- the strips that hold individual small pieces of glass within the sash. Frame- surrounds and holds the sashes. *Refer to (p 271)

Wiring Wiring should be checked every 5 years to reduce concern about electrical fire. The ground wire provides protection in case there is an abnormal flow of electric current. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) are receptacles that guard against electrical shock.

Air Condition and Ductwork Air conditioners cool and circulate air and they also remove excess moisture from the air. There are 2 main types: 1) Room A/C - enclosed in a cabinet that fits into a window or wall. 2) Central A/C- located outside the home, that with the help of the furnace blower and ducts, supplies cool air to reach the rooms. Ductwork is made of aluminum that connects the furnace or central air to the vents in the home.

Heating Systems Forced air system -air is warmed by a furnace, then propelled by a blower through ducts to registers in each room. Provides the fastest method of raising room temperature. Forced air system -air is warmed by a furnace, then propelled by a blower through ducts to registers in each room. Provides the fastest method of raising room temperature. Radiant heat system- heating elements- either hot water piping or electric wiring- are hidden in the floor, ceiling, or baseboards. Heat radiates from elements. Radiant heat system- heating elements- either hot water piping or electric wiring- are hidden in the floor, ceiling, or baseboards. Heat radiates from elements. Heat pump- uses an electric refrigeration unit to heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit contains a compressor, circulating fluid (refrigerant), and two heat exchangers. It operates by removing heat form air or water. In cold weather, heat is removed form outside air and pumped into the house. In warm weather heat is removed from the air inside the house and is pumped outside. It is most efficient in mild climates. Heat pump- uses an electric refrigeration unit to heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit contains a compressor, circulating fluid (refrigerant), and two heat exchangers. It operates by removing heat form air or water. In cold weather, heat is removed form outside air and pumped into the house. In warm weather heat is removed from the air inside the house and is pumped outside. It is most efficient in mild climates.