Lecture 19 Earthquakes. Lecture Outline IDefinitions IIProperties A)Focus and Epicenter B)Seismic Waves i.Body Waves ii.Surface Waves C)Strength i.Intensity.

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 19 Earthquakes

Lecture Outline IDefinitions IIProperties A)Focus and Epicenter B)Seismic Waves i.Body Waves ii.Surface Waves C)Strength i.Intensity ii.Magnitude IIIEffects IVPlate Tectonics and Earthquakes A)Plate Boundaries i.Divergent ii.Convergent iii.Transform B)Subduction Angle VConclusions Lecture 19 i

Definitions earthquake - the vibration felt when energy is released fault - fracture or fracture zone along which there has fault line - the intersection of a fault with the surface of the abruptly by the sudden displacement of rock along faults within the Earth's crust been displacement of the sides relative to one another Earth, or the trace of a fault on a surface of reference

Tectonic Deformation Elastic Rebound

Tectonic Deformation Elastic Rebound

Properties Focus Epicenter Seismic Waves Stength

Seismic Waves Body Waves Surface Waves P (primary) Waves S (secondary) Waves Love Waves Rayleigh Waves

Seismic Waves Body Waves P (Primary)Waves S (Secondary)Waves

Seismic Waves Body Waves - Refraction

Seismic Waves Body Waves - Pathways

Seismic Waves Surface Waves Rayleigh Waves Love Waves

Detecting Seismic Waves

Finding Epicenter

Detecting Seismic Waves

First Motion Analysis

Detecting Seismic Waves First Motion Analysis - Strike Slip Faults

Seismic Strength Mercalli Intensity Scale Richter Scale (Magnitude) Moment Magnitude

Seismic Strength Intensity Measure of severity of ground shaking Decreases with distance from focus Shallow focus ( deep focus (>100km) Greater on unconsolidated sediment than on bedrock

Seismic Strength Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale 1811 New Madrid Earthquake 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

Seismic Strength Richter Magnitude Scale

Seismic Strength Richter Magnitude Scale

Seismic Strength Moment Magnitude

Effects Ground Motion Fire Landslides Liquefaction Permanent Displacement of Land Surface Tsunami

Earthquake Damage Taiwan, 1999 Kobe, 1995 Nigata, 1964 Gujarat, 2001 Loa Prieta, 1989 San Fernando, 1971

Earthquake Damage Ground Motion and Rock Type

Earthquake Damage Ground Motion and Rock Type Mexico City, 1985

Landslides Guatemala, 1974 Alaska, 1964

Liquefaction Collapse of beach road Sand blow at Oakland International Airport Liquefaction Loma Prieta quake

Tsunamis caused by: earthquakes undersea landslides icebergs falling from glaciers undersea volcanic eruptions asteroid impacts

Tsunamis

Detecting Tsunamis Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)

Tsunami Danger Atlantic Coast of North America

Plate Tectonics

Tectonic Setting of Earthquakes

Benioff Zone

Earthquake Prediction

Seismic Gaps