AP Environmental Science Population Dynamics AP Environmental Science

Population Dynamics Outline Characteristics of a Population Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Reproductive Strategies Conservation Biology Human Impacts Working with Nature

Characteristics of a Population Population - individuals inhabiting the same area at the same time Population Dynamics: Population change due to Population Size - number of individuals Population Density - population size in a certain space at a given time Population Dispersion - spatial pattern in habitat

Population Size Natality Mortality Number of individuals added through reproduction Crude Birth Rate - Births per 1000 Total Fertility Rate – Average number of children born alive per woman in her lifetime Mortality Number of individuals removed through death Crude Death Rate Deaths per 1000

Population Density Population Density (or ecological population density) is the amount of individuals in a population per unit habitat area Some species exist in high densities - Mice Some species exist in low densities - Mountain lions Density depends upon social/population structure mating relationships time of year

Population Dispersion Population dispersion is the spatial pattern of distribution There are three main classifications Clumped: individuals are lumped into groups ex. Flocking birds or herbivore herds due to resources that are clumped or social interactions most common http://www.johndarm.clara.net/galleryphots/

Population Dispersion http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/creosotebush2.html Uniform: Individuals are regularly spaced in the environment - ex. Creosote bush due to antagonism between individuals, or do to regular spacing of resources rare because resources are rarely evenly spaced www.agry.purdue.edu/turf/ tips/2002/clover611.htm Random: Individuals are randomly dispersed in the environment ex. Dandelions due to random distribution of resources in the environment, and neither positive nor negative interaction between individuals rare because these conditions are rarely met

Population Dynamics Outline Characteristics of a Population Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Reproductive Strategies Conservation Biology Human Impacts Working with Nature

Environmental Resistance Biotic Potential factors allow a population to increase under ideal conditions, potentially leading to exponential growth Environmental Resistance affect the young more than the elderly in a population, thereby affecting recruitment (survival to reproductive age)

Biotic Potential Ability of populations of a given species to increase in size Abiotic Contributing Factors: Favorable light Favorable Temperatures Favorable chemical environment - nutrients Biotic Contributing Factors: Reproductive rate Generalized niche Ability to migrate or disperse Adequate defense mechanisms Ability to cope with adverse conditions

Environmental Resistance Ability of populations of a given species to decrease in size Abiotic Contributing Factors: Unfavorable light Unfavorable Temperatures Unfavorable chemical environment - nutrients Biotic Contributing Factors: Low reproductive rate Specialized niche Inability to migrate or disperse Inadequate defense mechanisms Inability to cope with adverse conditions

The Rule of 70 To find doubling time when you have the population growth rate: Take 70 divided by the growth rate = doubling time 70/% = doubling time

Example If the growth rate is 2%, what is the doubling time of the population? 70/2 =

Population Growth Population growth depends upon birth rates death rates immigration rates (into area) emigration rates (exit area) Pop = Pop0 + (b + i) - (d + e) ZPG (b + i) = (d + e)

Population Growth Populations show two types of growth Exponential J-shaped curve Growth is independent of population density Logistic S-shaped curve Growth is not independent of population density

Exponential Population Growth Exponential growth occurs when resources are not limiting. during exponential growth population size increases faster and faster with time; currently the human population is undergoing exponential growth; exponential growth can not occur forever because eventually some factor limits population growth. Fig. 10–4a © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Density Dependent Factors Limiting Factors Density Dependent Factors Food Water Predators Disease Density Independent Factors Weather

Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Basic Concept: Over a long period of time, populations of species in an ecosystem are usually in a state of equilibrium (balance between births and deaths) There is a dynamic balance between biotic potential and environmental resistance

Carrying Capacity (K) Exponential curve is not realistic due to carrying capacity of area Carrying capacity is maximum number of individuals a habitat can support over a given period of time due to environmental resistance (sustainability)

Logistic Growth Because of Environmental Resistance, population growth decreases as density reaches carrying capacity Graph of individuals vs. time yields a sigmoid or S-curved growth curve Reproductive time lag causes population overshoot Population will not be steady curve due to resources (prey) and predators

A comparison of the logistic growth model and the exponential growth model Carrying capacity Logistic growth Figure 18.20

Exceeding the Carrying Capacity During the mid–1800s sheep populations exceeded the carrying capacity of the island of Tasmania. This "overshoot" was followed by a "population crash". Numbers then stabilized, with oscillation about the carrying capacity. Fig. 10–5 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Exceeding the Carrying Capacity Reindeer introduced to a small island off of Alaska in the early 1900s exceeded the carrying capacity, with an "overshoot" followed by a "population crash" in which the population was totally decimated by the mid–1900s. Fig. 10–5 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Population Curves in Nature Population cycles for the snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx are believed to result because the hares periodically deplete their food, leading to first a crash of the hare population and then a crash of the lynx population. Fig. 10–8 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Population Dynamics Outline Characteristics of a Population Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Reproductive Strategies Conservation Biology Human Impacts Working with Nature

Reproductive Strategies Goal of every species is to produce as many offspring as possible Each individual has a limited amount of energy to put towards life and reproduction This leads to a trade-off of long life or high reproductive rate Natural Selection has lead to two strategies for species: r - strategists and K - strategists

r - Strategists Spend most of their time in exponential growth Maximize reproductive life Minimum life K

R Strategists Many small offspring Little or no parental care and protection of offspring Early reproductive age Most offspring die before reaching reproductive age Small adults Adapted to unstable climate and environmental conditions High population growth rate – (r) Population size fluctuates wildly above and below carrying capacity – (K) Generalist niche Low ability to compete Early successional species

K - Strategists Maintain population at carrying capacity (K) Maximize lifespan K

K- Strategist Fewer, larger offspring High parental care and protection of offspring Later reproductive age Most offspring survive to reproductive age Larger adults Adapted to stable climate and environmental conditions Lower population growth rate (r) Population size fairly stable and usually close to carrying capacity (K) Specialist niche High ability to compete Late successional species

Survivorship Curves Fig. 10–9 Three kinds of curves: late loss (usually K–strategists), in which high mortality is late in life; constant loss (such as songbirds), in which mortality is about the same for any age; early loss (usually r–strategists), in which high mortality is early in life. Fig. 10–9 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Population Curves in Nature Natural populations display a broad diversity of population curves. Stable populations are relatively constant over time. Cyclic curves are often associated with seasons or fluctuating resource availability. Irruptive curves are characteristic of species that only have high numbers for only brief periods of times (e.g., seven–year cicada). Fig. 10–6 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Population Dynamics Outline Characteristics of a Population Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Reproductive Strategies Conservation Biology Human Impacts Working with Nature

Conservation Biology Three Principles Biodiversity and ecological integrity are useful and necessary to all life on earth and should not be reduced by human actions Humans should not cause or hasten the premature extinction of populations and species or disrupt vital ecological processes Best way to preserve earth’s biodiversity and ecological integrity is to protect intact ecosystems that provide sufficient habitat

Habitat Fragmentation Process by which human activity breaks natural ecosystems into smaller and smaller pieces of land Greatest impact on populations of species that require large areas of continuous habitat Also called habitat islands

Habitat fragmentation in northern Alberta 1949 1964 Habitat fragmentation in northern Alberta 1982 1991

Population Dynamics Outline Characteristics of a Population Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Reproductive Strategies Conservation Biology Human Impacts Working with Nature

Human Impacts Fragmentation and degrading habitat Simplifying natural ecosystems Strengthening some populations of pest species and disease-causing bacteria by overuse of pesticides Elimination of some predators

Human Impacts on Ecosystems Some major human impacts on ecosystems: fragmenting and degrading habitat; simplifying natural ecosystems; strengthening some populations of pest species and disease–causing bacteria by speeding natural selection and causing genetic resistance through overuse of pesticides and antibiotics; eliminating some predators; deliberately or accidentally introducing new species; overharvesting potentially renewable resources; interfering with chemical cycling and energy flows. © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Population Dynamics Outline Characteristics of a Population Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity Reproductive Strategies Conservation Biology Human Impacts Working with Nature

Working with Nature Learn six features of living systems Interdependence Diversity Resilience Adaptability Unpredictability Limits

Basic Ecological Lessons Sunlight is primary source of energy Nutrients are replenished and wastes are disposed of by recycling materials Soil, water, air, plants and animals are renewed through natural processes Energy is always required to produce or maintain an energy flow or to recycle chemicals

Basic Ecological Lessons Biodiversity takes many forms because it has evolved over billions of years under different conditions Complex networks of + and – feedback loops exist Population size and growth rate are controlled by interactions with other species and with abiotic Organisms generally only use what they need

Four Principles for Sustainable We are part of, not apart from, the earth’s dynamic web of life. Our lives, lifestyles, and economies are totally dependent on the sun and the earth. We can never do merely one thing (first law of human ecology – Garret Hardin). Everything is connected to everything else; we are all in it together.