Rivers and Streams The Hydrologic Cycle. Rivers and Streams Drainage basin or watershed.

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Presentation transcript:

Rivers and Streams The Hydrologic Cycle

Rivers and Streams Drainage basin or watershed

Mill Creek Drainage Basin A River Drainage Basin

Mill Creek Drainage Basin Walla Walla River Drainage Basin

Flow

Flow

Equilibrium and the longitudinal profile GradientVelocityDischarge Q = V x A ft 3 /sec (cfs) or m 3 /sec (cms) V = velocity A = Cross-sectional area = Width x mean depth Base level (ultimate and local)Gradient Load

Velocity Variation

Variations with Discharge

Load

Load: F Bed load (rolling, saltation) F Suspended load: silt and clay carried in suspension F Dissolved load: ions in solution HCO 3 - SO 4 2- Ca 2+ Na + Mg 2+ typically  90% of dissolved Competence: the amount of load that a particular stream can carry

Load: Suspended Load

Load: Bed-load

OctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSep Maximum Mean Hydrograph for Mill Creek at Walla Walla Averages for Discharge (cfs)

The Graded Stream The Longitudinal Profile

Braided/Meandering

Braided/Meandering

Velocity Variation

Meandering and Floodplains

Point Bar – Cut Bank

Meandering and Floodplains

Deltas

Deltas

Deltas

Deltas

Deltas

Alluvial Fans

Floodplain Terraces

Stream Piracy

Flooding is dependent upon F precipitation in drainage basin F precipitation rate/infiltration rate F topography Flood Discharge = channel discharge when a river overflows its banks Flood Magnitude = discharge above flood discharge Flood Stage = elevation of water surface for a high-water condition likely to  damage Thus depends on use of floodplain

Mill Creek Flows Day in Feb, 1996 Discharge (cfs) Hydrograph for Mill Creek flood, Feb, 1996 Measured at Kooskooskie (max. was 6000 cfs at Walla Walla)

Recurrence Interval as flood indicator as flood indicator Rec. Int. = (Y-1)/R Y = # of years for data R = rank of flood

Natural Levee

Response to Flood Hazards F F Physical barriers   Levees   Flood walls with huge steel gates around towns   Retention reservoirs   Channelization to handle increase discharge   Storm channel system (LA)

Levees protect area behind until flood becomes too great failed levee working levee levee damming water behind it

Floodwalls on Mississippi in St. Louis and New Orleans

Flood Hazard Mapping Satellite images Upper = normal flow 1988 Lower = 1993 flooding

Landscape Evolution

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