Challenges, Constraints and Limitations

 Water Services Act  Absence of independent regulator  12 active Water Boards  3 Recent disestablishments  DWA institutional oversight

 Operational Area  Local government WSA -harness capacity of WB as WSP  Bulk Water & Sanitation  Implementing / supporting/ consulting agent

 Water -quantity and quality – universal coverage -economic growth and fundamental development goals - supply, demand, affordability - augment supply – full cycle model & alternatives - environmental and ecological sustainability - Unaccounted for water / non- revenue water  Infrastructure  Operation  Maintenance  Expansion  Costs  Distance

 Financial viability - WB  Budget sensitivity  Income Streams (Bulk Customers)  Electricity and chemical costs  Tariff setting  Infrastructure costs – ability to raise funds

 Governance – Ministerial Directives  AG’s Summary  Independent regulation tariff setting, cost of raw water, treatment costs,  Performance monitoring

 Acid mine drainage  Managerial and technical skills  Cross sectoral planning  Efficiencies  Economies of scale  Monopolies