 Goals & Objectives ◦ Goal is to set a general framework for the project  develop the expected result or outcome of the project  (e.g.) The trail design will provide recreational and transportation opportunities that support a sustainable community. ◦ Objectives are specific statements that contribute to the goal  describe tasks or results to be achieved  (e.g.) To provide adequate and accessible connections between the trail and surrounding land uses.

1. Inventory - to record and understand the big picture (context) and details of the site and the user(s) Inventory 2. Analysis - to understand user - site relationships Analysis 3. Synthesis - to articulate relationships into a functional design (arrangement of parts). Synthesis

 Understanding the Place ◦ Regional Context ◦ Site Location and Access ◦ Surrounding Land Uses ◦ History of Community & Site ◦ Existing Design Elements ◦ Walking Distances ◦ Street Character  Understanding the Legal Framework ◦ Zoning and Subdivision Regulations ◦ Design Standards (e.g., ADA requirements)

 Understanding the user(s)  Who will they be? demographic characteristics  What will they want to experience? interviews, stakeholder meetings, trends analysis  How will they use the site? activities  Where are they located?  When are they likely to use the site?

 Understanding the Site (natural landscape) ◦ Topography  Elevation (range, above sea level, on site)  Ridges & valleys (watershed features)  Views (how topo influences creates view out of and into site) ◦ Microclimate (e.g. prevailing wind-strength and direction) ◦ Sun ◦ Soils ◦ Vegetation  Species on-site, special features (natives, invasives) ◦ Wetlands and Water bodies  Surface drainage, ground water, floodplain ◦ Wildlife

 Understanding the Site (human-made built environment) ◦ Existing on-site structures ◦ Transportation patterns  Existing auto traffic, access points, existing trails & sidewalks ◦ Potential historical or cultural site ◦ Surrounding land uses (e.g. attractive or annoying) ◦ Utilities  Sewer and water, electricity, telephone ◦ Public service/places  Schools  Parks or other public open spaces  Emergency service  Shopping areas & restaurants

 Begin developing concepts ◦ Make bubble diagrams of activity relationships ◦ Making plan view sketches of the site with “affordances” ◦ Exploring ideas at various scales: 1"=100‘ & 1"=400'

Example of a site analysis map

Example of analysis of programs on a site. The idea is to situate facilities and activities in a complementary way - also reducing conflict. Process evolves to best set of relationships.

 Design principles should complement goals & objectives for example: ◦ Consider sense of place – existing or creating ◦ Ecological responsibility ◦ The user experience ◦ Community access, opportunity ◦ Maintenance

Design Concept Ideally: A synthesis of site analysis and program analysis

Three Mile Campground Yellowstone Wyoming

 Bear’s injure visitors at a rate of about ,000  There have been 8 human deaths in the Yellowstone region over park’s history  Approximately 100 bears moved or killed  Bear Recovery Plan Mandates Changes

 Process Inventory site, bear behavior, human behavior Analyze site related to bear & human behavior Synthesize a concept for redevelopment that will help protect campers and bears

 Site Characteristics ◦ Existing vegetation ◦ Topography  Human Behavior ◦ Sleeping ◦ Walking/hiking ◦ Cooking  Bear behavior ◦ Bear “pathways” ◦ Places they search for food

Primary Site Inventory

Part of Analysis

 Solitary but converge at food sources  Some bears habituate to (learn to tolerate) humans  Bears search for food  Sudden encounters with humans worst  Sight distance and distance to water were both short at known confrontation sites  Encounters common on trails (bears use trails too)

 Avoid areas of frequent bear activity  Maximize sight distance along trails  Make all attractants (e.g., food, trash) unavailable and away from sleeping areas  Keep in mind that people are fascinated by bears but vary significantly in their knowledge of proper behavior.

 Zoned area – hard sided campers, tents, outside food/cooking, restrooms  Buffer tent area from river with hard sided campers  Tents “up wind” from cooking area and 100 yards from commons area.  Managed vegetation to improve sightlines  Good lighting to and from toilets  Bear “details” and info about encounters used to remind visitor where they are.

Conceptual Site Plan for Three Mile Campground Synthesis