LEARNING. How do we learn? Most learning is associative learning Learning that certain events occur together. Learning is a relatively permanent change.

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Presentation transcript:

LEARNING

How do we learn? Most learning is associative learning Learning that certain events occur together. Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in comparison to the genetically-programmed behaviors of Chinooks, for example.

Three Main Types of Learning Observational Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Latent Learning Abstract Learning Insight Learning

Classical Conditioning Ideas of classical conditioning originated with the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson.

Classical Conditioning, Explained The most important thing to remember is that classical conditioning involves automatic or reflexive physical responses, and not voluntary behavior (that’s operant conditioning)

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.

What are some examples of Classical Conditioning in your life

Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. Acquisition Generalization Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Discrimination

Acquisition The initial stage of learning. The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS). Does timing matter? The CS should come before the UCS They should be very close together in timing.

Generalization The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. Watson’s experiment with “Little Albert”- you could associate the same response to a similar stimuli. In “little Albert’s” case his fear (UCR) of rats based on loud noises (UCS) by Watson.

Extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response. Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS. Is extinction permanent?

Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response. The previously “lost” or “forgotten” response is recovered without doing anything.

Discrimination The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.

Operant & Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning involves automatic or reflexive physical responses Operant conditioning, on the other hand is a voluntary response Operant conditioning involves operant behavior, a behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewards or punishment. Consequences lead to changes in voluntary behavior

Types of Reinforcement- Reinforcement: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Article questions Do you believe that paying students for good grades impacts is a positive or negative reinforcement? How so? What are the consequences of over praising children? What maybe some of the unforeseen ramifications?

Punishment-An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows.

Marine Boot Camp and Classical and Operant conditioning Footage

What types of operant conditioning did you witness through out the video? Remember Operant Conditioning is divided into Reinforcements both positive and negative to increase behavior and Punishments to decrease behavior.