2006 Non-residential Baseline Building Stock Characteristics David Baylon Mike Kennedy

November Overall Project Goals 1.Design representative samples of the Commercial sectors 2.Complete field audits to generate characteristics summaries –Ownership and Operation –HVAC, Lighting, Envelope, Refrigeration (in groceries) 3.Assess energy code compliance –Interview design community to assess attitudes 4.Perform regional assessment of energy use and estimate EUIs by building type within each sample

November Project Segmentation 1.By state within the Pacific Northwest region Avoid certain building types (assembly & other) 2.By interested utilities 3.By specific buildings types Grocery Hospitals Retail School

November Presentation Sample description (state, utility, building type) Lighting characteristics –LPD, controls –Fixtures, lamps –Code Compliance HVAC –Fuel type, fuel use –Equipment –Controls Envelope –Glazing performance and practice –Overall heat loss rate Refrigeration –Grocery –Other Interviews Energy Use

November Sample Development Initial population from F.W.Dodge ® database Construction started from 2002 and 2004 Additions and new buildings screened for valuation above $200K Population screened to remove assembly, other, and most multi-family Total sample frame was 88% of the initial database Sample

November PopulationArea StateN%(1000 SF)% ID1, , MT , OR1, , WA2, , Region6, , Sample Table S Commercial Population

November Building Type State Region Area (1000 sf) IDMTORWA College ,300 Grocery ,022 Health ,958 Hi Rise Res ,125 Hospital ,865 Institution ,325 Lodging ,697 Office ,34324,797 Restaurant ,814 Retail ,563 Schools ,374 Warehouse ,938 Total ,4462,2984,924129,778 Sample Table S.2. Sample Frame, Population

November Sample Design Stratified random sample, three strata design 90/10 statistical criteria Sample in each state Enhanced sample for 4 utility groups: IPCO, ETO, PSNS, SCL Enhanced sample for 4 building types: Grocery, Hospital, Retail, School Sample

November State Strata Total 123 ID MT OR WA Region Sample Table S.3. State Field Sample (N)

November Utility Group Utility Sample Added “Building Type” Samples ETO998 IPCO456 PSNS659 SCL283 Total23726 Sample Table S.4. Utility Sample Supplement (N)

November Building Type Sample Groups State Total IDMTORWA Grocery Hospital Retail Schools Total Sample Table S.5. Building Type Samples (N)

November Building Type State Region IDMTORWA Assembly20248 College31329 Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other32229 Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar30418 Retail Warehouse All Building Types Sample Table S.6. Total Non-Residential Sample (N)

November Lighting Characteristics Lighting power reviewed by space and building Fixture, lamp technologies assembled for each building Summaries compare to the building stock reviews –7% improvement from previous baseline –Largely an artifact of sample selection –Improved lighting codes (especially in Idaho) –Improved lighting technologies in both Montana and Idaho Lighting controls summarized by building and space Lighting

November State LPDStd. Dev.NLPDStd. Dev.N ID MT OR WA Region Lighting Table L.1.Overall LPD Baseline Samples (watts/s.f.)

November Building Type State IDMTORWARegion Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse All Building Types Lighting Table L.2. LPD by Building Type (watts/s.f.)

November LPD Comparison

November Lighting Code Review and Compliance Representative energy code chosen for each state (2001) Relevant lighting codes reviewed for each state Compliance with local code has improved Difference between code targets and actual building practice reduced in WA, OR Lighting

November State LPDStd. Dev.NLPD Std. Dev. N ID MT OR WA Region Lighting Table L.3. LPD Code Requirements (watts/s.f.) State Compliance Fraction* N Compliance Fraction N ID MT OR WA Region Table L.4. LPD Code Compliance * Includes performance path compliance

November Lighting Controls Substantial lighting controls in buildings representing 70% of floor area –40% included some sort of integrated or advanced lighting control system Daylight dimming (18% of floor area) Sweep controls (37% of floor area) Occupancy Sensors (47% of floor area) –30% included other lighting control measures Multi level switching / non-daylight dimming Lighting

November Control Type StateRegion IDMTORWARegion1998 Sweep Lighting EMS Daylighting Occupancy Multi-Level Switching Lighting Table L.5. Lighting Controls (% floor area)

November Table L6. Daylighting Type Lighting Daylight Source N Project All Floor Area (%) % of Project Floor Area Controlled Percent Disabled Side Top Top & Side Total

November Lighting Technologies Linear Fluorescent (LF) lamps account for almost 60% of the total lighting wattage –Similar to previous studies –Completed transition from T12 to T8 –Some high performance lamps and fixtures (T5, HPT8) with 15% of LF lamps HID lamps somewhat less important; 25% of high bay watts are now fluorescent (especially in Warehouse uses) Incandescent fraction remains stable –Dominated by lodging and dormitory uses Lighting

November Building TypeCFLLFHIDINCOtherTotal Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse All Building Types Region Lighting Table L.7. Lamp Type Distribution (% of total lighting watts)

November Florescent Technologies Increased saturation of standard T8s Improved technologies available but not used (T5, High Performance T8) The improved technologies represent about 15% of florescent The improved technologies represent at least a 12% improvement in overall lighting efficacy

November Lighting Table L.8. Distribution of LF Lamps (% of total LF watts) State Linear Fluorescent OtherTotal T12T5HOT8HPT8 ID MT OR WA Region

November Lighting Table L.9. Ballast Type (weighted by lighting watts) Ballast TypeCFLLFHIDTotal Standard Dimming High Performance Pulse Magnetic Unknown Total100.0 Electronic

November HVAC Systems Characteristics review focused on: –HVAC fuel selection primary, reheat, secondary –System type: Built-up Package Unit or zone conditioning Distribution by space and space type –Equipment type and nominal efficiency HVAC

November HVAC Systems (Cont) System controls and strategies –Control system types –Reset strategies –Critical zone strategies System operation System Commissioning and Documentation HVAC

November HVAC StateHeatedSemi-heated Unheated Total ID MT OR WA Region Table H.1. Heat Conditioning Classification (% floor area)

November Heating Fuel Selection Gas remains dominant in all system types, especially in ID and MT Decline in electric resistance space heat since the last review About 1/3 of the zone reheat is hot water; virtually all of the previous sample used electric reheat at the zone boxes Increase in heat pump usage HVAC

November StateElectricHeat Pump Natural Gas Other † None ID MT OR WA Region HVAC Table H.2. Heating Fuel (% floor area) † “Other” = geothermal, oil, propane

November Cooling Source Cooling is dominated by DX packages Economizer only, evaporative and ground water systems cool 6% of floor area 20% of the floor area has no cooling mostly in MT or warehouse applications Cooling patterns very similar to previous baseline HVAC StateDXWSHPChiller“Free*”None ID MT OR WA Region *Free: Economizer Cooling, Evaporative Cooling, Groundwater Cooling Table H.3. Cooling Source (% floor area)

November Building TypeDXWSHPChiller"Free*"None Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse All Building Types *Free: Economizer Cooling, Evaporative Cooling, Groundwater Cooling HVAC Table H.4. Cooling Source (% of floor area)

November HVAC Systems Dominated by single-zone distribution (71%) 30% of all systems utilized hot or cold water 19% are multi-zone systems with reheat Small amount of underfloor systems, mostly associated with LEED ® buildings Distribution of systems are essentially the same as the previous baseline Numerous VFDs HVAC

November Delivery SystemAir/DXHydronicTotal Zone / Unit Heater Single-zone Single-zone VAV Multi-zone w/ reheat VAV w/ reheat VAV no reheat Heat Pump Loop pipe / 4pipe Underfloor Air Distribution Total HVAC Table H.5. HVAC System Type (% of floor area)

November HVAC Table H.6. HVAC Controls (% floor area) StateEMS Continuous Fan Outside Air Control CO 2 Occupancy Sensor Warm-up Lockout ID MT OR WA Region

November Distribution of CO 2 Control Table H.7: Prevalence of CO Control Building Type % of Floor Area Represented by Buildings Reporting Control Assembly67 College28 Schools65 Grocery19 Health Services8 Hospital8 Institution57 Office12 Residential / Lodging40 Retail43 Warehouse2 Average33

November VFD Saturation 50% of all fan motors surveyed use VFD - virtually no other modulating control was observed 95% of variable air flow systems use VFD control 16% of single zone systems use VFD control 36% of multi-zone CV systems use VFD control HVAC

November Table H.8. Commissioning reported HVAC State % of buildings reporting commissioning % of floor area commissioned ID MT OR WA Region

November Building Envelope Building components largely unchanged from the samples Glazing characteristics dominated by low-ε coatings Consistent improvement in window specifications –Low-ε coatings –Improved SHGC –Thermally improved frames Consistent increase in glazing area counter balances these improvements Envelope

November Building TypeIDMTORWARegion Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse All Building Types Envelope Table E.1. Building Heat Loss Rates (UA/sf)

November Overall Heat Loss Rates

November Glazing Systems Increasing use of Low-ε Glass Improved overall glazing performance –U-values –SHGC Significant increase in Glazing area, most building types

November StateLow-εTintArgon ID MT OR WA Region Envelope Table E.2. Glass Characteristics (% of glass area)

November State Curtain Wall Manufact - ured Site Built ID MT OR WA Region Envelope Table E.4. Frame types (% of glazing area) StateAlum.VinylWood ID MT OR WA Region Table E.3. Window types (% of glazing area)

November U-ValueIDMTORWARegion < > Envelope Table E.5. Window U-Values (% of glass area)

November SHGCIDMTORWARegion Clear Envelope Table E.6. Window SHGC (% of glass area)

November Building TypeIDMTORWARegion Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse All Building Types Envelope Table E.7. Glazing Area (% of wall area)

November Increased Glazing Areas

November Refrigeration Systems Three types of refrigeration systems identified in sample –Grocery systems Centralized compressor racks, remote cases, generally R404a or R22, heat recovery generally to hot water A few cases of heat recovery to space heat –Food Service Smaller distributed compressors for coolers, R22 or R404a, little heat recovery –Cold Storage Large ammonia (R717) systems running large refrigerated spaces Refrigeration

November Building Type Refrigeration Technologies Food ServiceGroceryNoneRef Warehouse Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse All Building Types Refrigeration Table R.1.Distribution of Refrigeration Systems (%)

November Compressors Compressors used throughout the sectors Most intensive in grocery applications Retail (big box) uses similar systems –Grocery application represents 20-30% of retail floor area –Less opportunity for heat recovery Restaurant, uses remote packaged compressor/condensers Refrigeration

November Building TypeHP/1000s.f.Std. Dev.N Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse Total Table R.2. Refrigeration Compressor Intensity Refrigeration

November Cases Grocery applications –Reach-in (with doors) dominate low temp (<20ºF) applications –Medium and high temp cases (>30ºF) dominated by open cases, single-deck and multi-deck –Low temp cases represents 41% of the HP capacity in a grocery system and 30% of case length –Refrigerated walk-ins represent 6% of total floor area in grocery –Similar amount in Big Box Retail but only about 3% of floor area Food Service Applications –Walk-ins dominated by low temperature applications (50%) –Remote compressor/condenser packaged refrigeration –Wide variety of case types often self contained Refrigeration

November Case Type, Grocery Length (ft/1000 s.f.) Temperature Total (% of case length) low (% of case length) medium (% of case length) Coffin Multi-deck Other* Reach In Service / Deli Single-deck Total Refrigeration Table R.3. Grocery case type distribution *”Other” includes unique product cases such as pie cases and cheese displays.

November Building Type Walk-in area (area/1000sf) Low temp. (%) N Assembly College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution Office Other3.601 Residential/Lodging Restaurant / Bar Retail Warehouse Total Table R.4. Refrigerated Walk-in Rooms Refrigeration

November Refrigeration Lighting In groceries, refrigeration case lighting represents.23 w/s.f. as added lighting power for the entire store In big box retail with imbedded groceries, case lights add.12 w/s.f. to the overall LPD None of case lighting is incandescent Refrigeration

November Interviews 151 interviews from design teams for sampled buildings; focused on attitudes, design strategies, and code compliance; interviewees were: –Architects (55%), Engineers (mechanical) (38%), + Contractors, Owners Interviews Efficiency ImportanceIDMTORWARegion1999 Very important Very important (1999) Moderately important Not important Table I.1. Importance of energy efficiency (% of respondents)

November Energy Use Bills collected on as many of the 350 buildings as possible Limitations because of building definitions, billing releases, campus operations, etc 283 billing sets received, 192 buildings with complete EUIs, 170 buildings with complete EZSim runs. EUIs compared to CBSA dataset of 253 buildings No statistical significance in differences between the samples

November EUI Comparison, Other Samples Building Type EUI BaselineCBSACEUSCBECS Assembly — 68.7 College Education Grocery Health Services Hospital Institution — Office Other Residential/Lodging Restaurant/Bar Retail Warehouse

November EUIs: Baseline 2002, CBSA

November Conclusions Only moderate improvement in lighting mostly due to improvement in ID and MT Envelope component improvements countered by other changes in component specification Increase in central control systems Much better local controls (OS, CO2) EUI data suggests that he attention to energy efficiency has not resulted in significant performance improvements Substantial increase in interest in energy efficiency Conclusions

November Missions Accomplished T12’s are nearly gone High saturation of electronic ballasts Low-ε glass is wide spread VFD saturation is very high in variable loads and making way into traditional CV areas. 98% of buildings use advanced exit lighting –84% use LED exit lights –14% use Luminescent (zero watt) lamps (retail chains) Conclusions

November Program Ideas High Performance T8s OS lighting control of large open areas OS & CO 2 ventilation control OA lock out on night cycling in small equipment Work with hospitals on night operations Work with groceries on HR to space Encourage less glazing and better window frames Enforce more complete documentation On-site short-term efficiency managers Conclusions