Classical Conditioning I
Classical Conditioning II
Operant Conditioning
Schedules of Reinforcement /Contingency
Other forms of learning
Anything Goes!
$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Classical Conditioning I Classical Conditioning II Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement/Co ntingency Other forms of Learning Anything Goes
A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively
Unconditioned stimulus
For the dogs in Pavlov’s experiment, the response to the meat before learning (element of CC)
Unconditioned response
Flinching in our class example (element of CC)
Conditioned response
What is a neutral stimulus?
Irrelevant before learning; Becomes the CS after learning
How can we test if acquisition has occurred?
Present the CS (that was easy) without presenting the US (air gun); If they flinch, they’ve learned, if not, then they haven’t!
The diminishing of a learned response
Extinction
Process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli
Generalization
Process in which an organism produces two different responses to two similar stimuli
Discrimination
What was Rescorla’s contribution to classical conditioning?
Said that cognition is important; Organism needs to determine whether the CS (that was easy) is a reliable indicator of the US (air gun)
What is second-order conditioning?
Aka higher order/level conditioning; When an existing CS (Bell) is paired with a new stimulus (light) to produce a new conditioned response (salivate when see light)
Reinforcement is anything that _________ the likelihood of a behavior
Increases
Taking an Advil to get rid of a headache is what type of reinforcement?
Negative
Who is the author of the law of effect?
Edward Thorndike
Doing an extra assignment means you will get extra credit, which means you will get a better grade. What type of reinforcement is the EC?
Secondary (this is LEARNED)
What is the overjustification effect?
The effect of promising a reward for doing what someone already likes to do The reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated
When a reward follows every correct response
Continuous reinforcement
Rewards the first correct response after some defined period of time
Fixed-Interval
Rewards a response after an unpredictable number of correct responses
Variable-Ratio
A pigeon getting 1 food pellet for every 20 pecks
Fixed-ratio schedule
The schedule most resistant to extinction (also called a gambler’s schedule)
Variable-Ratio
Ran the Bobo doll experiment
Albert Bandura
Another name for observational learning
Social learning theory
A learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem
Insight
Learning that is stored internally but not yet reflected in behavior
Latent learning
In what forms of learning do you see generalization and discrimination?
Classical AND operant
What were the results of the BoBo doll experiment?
Regardless of which condition the subjects were exposed to, all acted more violently after watching the model act aggressively towards the Bobo doll
What are the elements of Watson’s classical conditioning experiment with Little Albert?
US: Loud noiseCS: Rat UR: CryCR: Cry
What is learned helplessness?
Failure to take steps or to avoid/escape from an unpleasant stimulus that occur because of previous encounters with unavoidable situations (think dog experiment!)
In order to be effective, what conditions must punishment meet?
Swift, sufficient, consistent