 Reference  Sense  Mental images  Various lexical relations Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

 Synonyms  Antonyms  Homophones / Homonyms  Hyponyms  Heteronyms  Polysemous words Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp

Gradable Pairs more A means less B big/small hot/cold Complementary Pairs A = not B; B = not A alive/dead awake/asleep (Relative scale: small elephant/big mouse) Relational Pairs If X = Y’s A, then Y = X’s B teacher/studentgive/receive

lead read dove bow rendezvous record articulate

 person, woman, doctor, boy, engineer, baby +human  doe, lady, sister, mare, her +female  girl, actress, woman, aunt, wife, widow +human, +female  child, baby, puppy, kitten +animate, +young

生命 人 雄性 成年 桌子 – – – – 母牛 + – – + 姑娘 + + – – 女人 + + – + 男孩 – 男人 語言學導論， George Yule 著，張文軒譯，李靜芝校訂 (The Study of Language: An Introduction) 台北市：書林出版有限公司， 1999, p. 138.

Intended Utterance Actual Utterance (Error) bridge of the nose bridge of the neck when my gums bled when my tongues bled he came too late he came too early Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

Mary was young Mary was early lady with the dachshund lady with the Volkswagen a horse of another color a horse of another race he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

Agent Theme (or Patient) Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 165.

(SOME MARKERS—not all take markers) Agent Theme Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor)

(SOME MARKERS—not all take markers) Agent 被 [Passive only] Theme 把 Location 在上下左右 Goal 到給 Source 從向跟 Instrument 用 Experiencer (Causative) 讓 etc (Possessor) 的

Semantic Ambiguity a. bank b. kind: noun vs. adjective c. sole d. drill; boring e. deed f. ruler g. can: noun vs. modal h. shop: noun vs. verb i. a woman: same woman OR different women j. make your own bed: idiom or not k. job vs. idiom l. marry; a Norwegian woman (same as i)

Semantic Features A. a & b +male, +animate a +human b –human B.a & b NOUNS ? a +count (countable) b –count (non-count; mass nouns) C. a & b NOUNS ? a +concrete b –concrete (abstract)

Semantic Features D.a & b +plant a trees b flowers E.a & b ? a written things/documents b writing instruments F.a & b motion VERBS a individual effort / without a vehicle b done with a vehicle

Semantic Features G.a & b speaking a no manner specified b particular manner specified H.a & b ANTONYMS a complementary b gradable I.a & b ADJECTIVES a “non-implicational” (Adj N may not be an N) b “implicational” (Adj N is an N)

Antonyms goodbadg expensivecheapg parentoffspringr beautifuluglyg falsetruec lessorlesseer passfailc

Antonyms hotcoldg legalillegalc largersmallerr poorrichg fastslow g asleepawakec husbandwifer rudepoliteg

Hints a. bareb. lead c. praised. byte e. sightf. pairs g. plainh. karat i. manej. frees