Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experimental Design/Data Collection (Testing the Hypothesis) 4. Analysis (Explaining the Data) Biology Introduction

-Control  Factor in an experiment that stays the same throughout the course of the experiment. All good experiments have at least one control -Variable  Factor in the experiment that changes. The fewer the variables in an experiment, the better the design. -Theory  Hypothesis that is tested repeatedly and never disproved Scientific Law/Principle  Scientific truths that are valid everywhere in the universe Fact  Truth known by actual experience or evidence Belief  Opinion or conviction that something is true Important Scientific Method Terms

Themes of Biology Biology- Study of Life

Branches of Biology Botany- PlantsPhysiology- Processes Anatomy-StructureZoology-Animals Cell Biology- Cells Genetics- Inheritance Evolution- Change in organisms over time Biochemistry- Chemistry of processes in organisms Ecology- Organisms & Environment Microbiology- Microscopic Organisms Organism – Anything capable of carrying out life processes

Major Themes in Biology 1. Cell Structure & Function Unicellular Organisms  1 cell Multicellular Organisms  More than 1 cell 2. Internal Stability  ability to maintain internal conditions 3. Reproduction & Inheritance Sexual reproduction  between 2 individuals Asexual reproduction  1 cell splits to form 2 cells 4. Evolution- species change over time 5. Interdependence of organisms (ecology)  Relationship between organisms & environment 6. Matter, Energy, & Organization  Harvesting energy for life Autotrophic  Use energy directly from sun for food Heterotroph  must take in food for energy

Unicellular or multicellular? Autotroph or Heterotroph?

Properties Of Life 1.Made of cells 2.Reproduction 3. Universal genetic code 4. Growth and development Growth- Increase in Amount of material in an organism Development- Series of changes an organism undergoes in becoming an adult 5. Obtain & use energy (from food or sun) 6. Respond to their environment Stimulus: anything in an organism’s environment that causes it to react 7. Homeostasis: Organisms maintain constant internal conditions regardless of external changes Examples? 8. Evolve: Species change over time

Taxonomy and Classification Taxonomy- Science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms Taxa- Categories into which biologists classify organisms

Why Do We Need to Classify Organisms? Common names like frog and worm don’t tell us enough information Common names are misleading Common names vary from country to country

Early Classification System Designed by Aristotle Divided into 2 groups- Plants and Animals

Modern Classification System Binomial nomenclature (2 names)Binomial nomenclature (2 names) Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 18th centuryDeveloped by Carolus Linneaus in 18th century Organisms organized by structural featuresOrganisms organized by structural features

Taxa Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species King Phillip Came Over For Good SoupKing Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Scientific Names Organism referred to by genus and speciesOrganism referred to by genus and species Genus capitalized, species is notGenus capitalized, species is not Entire name is either underlined or italicizedEntire name is either underlined or italicized

Classification

Kingdoms of Life Traditionally, 5 kingdom system used to classify life… 1.Protista 2. Fungi 3. Plantae 4. Animalia 5. Monera- which includes Archae (Kingdom: Archaebacteria) Bacteria (Kingdom: Eubacteria)

Domains As biologists recognize the differences between the 2 kinds of prokaryotes, they also saw similarities among all eukaryotes. So, a new system that was proposed that divides organisms into 3 Domains based on cell type, genetics, and nutrition 1.Bacteria 2.Archae (Ancient unicellular organisms similar to bacteria) 3.Eukarya (Plants, animals, and fungi)

Monera Unicellular vs. Multicellular Unicellular Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Prokaryotic Nutrition Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Reproduction Asexual Movement None Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial Other Info Some help in fighting disease Examples Bacteria

Protista Unicellular vs. Multicellular Unicellular Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Eukaryotic Nutrition Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Reproduction Asexual or Sexual Movement Cilia or Flagella Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial Other Info Some eat bacteria Examples Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms, & Paramecium

Fungi Unicellular vs. Multicellular Unicellular OR Multicellular Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Eukaryotic Nutrition Heterotrophic Reproduction Asexual or Sexual Movement None Environment Terrestrial Other Info Decomposers Examples Mold, yeast, & mushrooms

Plantae Unicellular vs. Multicellular Multicellular Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Eukaryotic Nutrition Autotrophic Reproduction Asexual or Sexual Movement None Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial Other Info Insects aid in pollination Examples Mosses, Ferns, Shrubs, Trees, & Flowering Plants

Animalia Unicellular vs. Multicellular Multicellular Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Eukaryotic Nutrition Heterotrophic Reproduction Asexual or Sexual Movement Yes (at some stage) Environment Aquatic or Terrestrial Other Info Largest kingdom  over 1,000,000 species! Examples Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms, Insects, Fish, Mammals, & Birds What is the most diverse group of animals? Arthropods!! Most diverse phyla > 1 million species have been described. 2 out of every 3 organisms known on Earth are arthropods