Marine Science Unit 5: Part 1 – Biology Review and Ocean Microbes By Mrs. Shaw

List the levels of classification from domain to species Create a graphic organizer to categorize these terms – All Life, Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi Opening Assignment

Classification of Phylum Game  Get into Groups of 3-4 We are playing a game to try to figure out the unique characteristics and common names of the main marine phyla. Day 1 Agenda

Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes Day 2: Opening Assignment Let’s review some basics of biology 1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? 2. Most bacteria’s are under Domain __________________ but Protists are under Domain __________________ , Kingdom Protista. 3. What are the 4 main macromolecules of living things? Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes Day 2: Opening Assignment

Unit 6: Ocean Microbes Day 1: Opening Assignment ANSWERS Copy and answer the following questions in your notebook 1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles like mitochondria. 2. Most types of bacteria’s are under Domain ___Bacteria____ but Protists are under Domain _____Eukarya_, Kingdom Protista. 3. What are the 4 main macromolecules of living things? Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Unit 6: Ocean Microbes Day 1: Opening Assignment ANSWERS

Learning Goals for Unit 5: Part 1 Biology review and Ocean Microbes Students will be able to: 1. Explain the requirements for life to be sustained 2. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 3. Explain the various types of reproductive strategies in marine organisms 4. Differentiate between bacterial cells and protists Learning Goals for Unit 5: Part 1 Biology review and Ocean Microbes

Part 1: Review of Basic Biology

The Ingredients of Life The process of life involves an intricate series of interactions among an immense variety of chemicals The most important of these chemical compounds is water (H2O) . Water is the universal solvent, which means MOST substances dissolve in water which breaks them down into smaller subunits to be digested and used. All living things need chemical energy to live. The 4 main macromolecules of living things are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids The Ingredients of Life

All living things need chemical elements and compounds to function. The 4 main macromolecules (molecules found in larger quantities in living things) of living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 4 main macro-molecules

Structure: Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. Function: Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy for most living things and also for structural support. The simplest carbohydrate is glucose. Examples: table sugar (sucrose), bread, pasta, fruits (fructose) Carbohydrates

Lipids Structure: made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Function: Lipids are used to store energy, support the structure of the cell, and provide waterproof properties. Examples: fats and oils Lipids

Structure: macromolecules that contain H, N, C , and phosphorus Structure: macromolecules that contain H, N, C , and phosphorus. Made of nucleotides, monomers, that combine to form the polymers. Nucleotides include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5 carbon sugar. Function: Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. Examples: DNA, RNA Nucleic Acids

Proteins Structure: Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. Function: Proteins are responsible for MOST important cellular functions including, controlling rates of reactions, regulating cell processes, cellular structures, transporting substances into or out of cells, and to fight disease. Examples: Amino Acids, all meats, beans, eggs, most animal products

Check for Understanding Which type of macromolecule is used as the primary energy source in all living things? Which type of macromolecule holds and transfers genetic information? Which type of macromolecule helps to waterproof our cells? Which type of macromolecule is responsible for regulating chemical reaction rates in your body? Check for Understanding

3 main processes involved in life functions Making the Fuel Photosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use light to MAKE their own food. (glucose a carbohydrate) 3 main processes involved in life functions Making the Fuel

3 main processes involved in life functions Making the Fuel Chemosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use chemicals to MAKE their own food. (glucose a carbohydrate) 3 main processes involved in life functions Making the Fuel

CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Video short on Chemosynthesis

Cellular Respiration: ALL organisms take the glucose and create energy (ATP) for all the functions of a cell. It happens in the Mitochondria of ALL eukaryotic cells and in the plasma (cell) membrane of prokaryotic cells  Some organisms require Oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic) and some do not require Oxygen (anaerobic) 3 main processes involved in life functions Burning the Fuel to make energy

Hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69h GvCsWgA Hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis

Check for Understanding What is the purpose of Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis? What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration? Which process happens in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells? Check for Understanding

Check for Understanding #2 1. Jimmy brought a ham sandwich for lunch. Which type of macromolecules are in the sandwich? Ham: ________________________ Bread:________________________ Mayo:________________________ 2. The process where organisms use chemicals to make their own food is known as _____________________________. 3. Cellular respiration happens in the _________________________ of eukaryotic cells and in the _______________________________ of prokaryotic cells. Check for Understanding #2

Check for Understanding #2 1. Jimmy brought a ham sandwich for lunch. Which type of macromolecules are in the sandwich? Ham: _protein_________________ Bread:____carbohydrates________ Mayo:_____lipids_______________ 2. The process where organisms use chemicals to make their own food is known as ___chemosynthesis__________________________. 3. Cellular respiration happens in the _mitochondria_____________ of eukaryotic cells and in the ___cell membrane________ of prokaryotic cells. Check for Understanding #2 ANSWERS

Structurally Simple Cells Prokaryotes are simple, very small, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and are able to carry out all of life’s functions within a single cell. Most common example is bacteria.

Structurally Complex Cells Eukaryotes are complex, larger, cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Most eukaryotic organisms require many cells to carry out all of life’s functions. Some examples include protozoans, algae, all plants, and all animals. Structurally Complex Cells Complex Simple

Asexual Reproduction: reproduction where one parent cell divides to create two identical daughter cells. (process of Mitosis in eukaryotic cells) Modes of Reproduction Parent cell has a full set of chromosomes (diploid) for that specific type of organism.

Modes of Reproduction Types of Asexual Reproduction: Binary Fission: means “division in half” and refers to the method where cells divide into two nearly identical daughter cells. Most common in prokaryotes (bacteria) Budding: new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one due to cell division at one particular site. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Modes of Reproduction Binary Fission Budding

Modes of Reproduction More types of Asexual Reproduction: Vegetative Reproduction: A form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant. Modes of Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction

Budding Binary fission Vegetative Reproduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyo http://video.about.com/biology/What-Is-Binary-Fission-.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdiibRXXJ6g Budding Binary fission Vegetative Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction: The reproduction of cells caused by the union of two separate special parent cells called gametes. Two different haploid gametes combine (fertilization) to form a unique cell (zygote). Sexual reproduction is the reason we have biodiversity!  Modes of Reproduction

Sea Sponge Reproduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laJgUrSsO_k Sea Sponge Reproduction

Final Check for Understanding 1. The type of cell that does not have a nucleus is called a ______________________. 2. __________________ is the type of asexual reproduction where a parent bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells. 3. The type of asexual reproduction where a bud forms on the side of an organism and then matures and falls off creating a new organism is called ______________________. 4. What is the MAIN benefit of sexual reproduction? Final Check for Understanding

Final Check for Understanding ANSWERS 1. The type of cell that does not have a nucleus is called a _____prokaryote________. 2. _Binary fission____ is the type of asexual reproduction where a parent bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells. 3. The type of asexual reproduction where a bud forms on the side of an organism and then matures and falls off creating a new organism is called __Budding________. 4. What is the MAIN benefit of sexual reproduction? Genetic Diversity = Biodiversity  Final Check for Understanding ANSWERS

Day 3 Opening Assignment In the video short we watch yesterday the man cut the bamboo shoot and planted it (like 30 times! ). The cutting then developed into a new plant. What type of asexual reproduction is this? Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction using a venn diagram. Day 3 Opening Assignment

Day 3 Opening Assignment In the video short we watch yesterday the man cut the bamboo shoot and planted it. The cutting then developed into a new plant. What type of asexual reproduction is this? Vegetative Reproduction (propagation) Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction using a venn diagram. Day 3 Opening Assignment Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent Is faster Requires less energy Results in genetic diversity Requires two parent cells Sexual Reproduction

Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes Day 3 Assignment Read Chapter 5 – The microbial world in your Marine Biology textbook pages 87- 99 and answer the questions given. This is a 1-2 day assignment so make good use of your time and be ready to turn the assignment in at the end of class on Monday 26th. Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes Day 3 Assignment

Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes Day 4 Opening Assignment What are the four shapes of bacterial cells? How do bacteria play a role in the bioluminescence of some deep sea animals and what type of symbiotic relationship is this? How do microorganisms help to cycle nutrients like carbon and nitrogen ? Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes Day 4 Opening Assignment

Day 4 Opening Assignment ANSWERS What are the four shapes of bacterial cells? Spheres, spirals, rods, and rings How do bacteria play a role in the bioluminescence of some deep sea animals? The bacteria use the host organism to help produce the light involved in bioluminescence in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. How do microorganisms help to cycle nutrients like carbon and nitrogen ? Microorganisms like decomposers break down dead organic matter and put the elements back into the soil or water where other microorganisms and larger species take in the nutrients. Day 4 Opening Assignment ANSWERS

Finish reading Chapter 5 and answering questions they are due at the end of class today  If everyone finishes early we will start our review of the material. Day 4 Assignment

Review Chapter 5 Questions Your Chapter 5 questions have been passed back. Use them today to review with me the material that you read about. You will also use them to check your answers. Review Chapter 5 Questions

Life in a drop of Water https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cpB K2t0Yeo

All life as we know it evolved from microorganisms and they support all other forms of life now. (1) Microorganisms directly or indirectly feed most marine animals, they make essential nutrients available to other producers, and they play critical roles in marine food webs. (2) The Microbial World

Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are the oldest forms of life on Earth. (3) Prokaryotes in Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are different from each other in the chemistry of their cell walls and plasma membranes, and in the cellular machinery that manufactures proteins. (4) Prokaryotes

Bacteria come in different shapes Bacteria come in different shapes. The four shapes mentioned are spheres, spirals, rods, and rings. Bacteria are found EVERYWHERE!!! Bacteria Staphyococcus

Decay bacteria break down waste products and dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the environment to be used again. What are these organisms called in a food web? ___________________ Bacteria

Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are thought to have had an important role in the accumulation of oxygen in our atmosphere that enabled more complex life forms to evolve. Bacteria

Archaea are prokaryotic microorganisms once thought to be bacteria, but are more closely related to eukaryotes. They were known from extreme environments, but they are now known to be common in the marine environment. Archaea Sulfolobus is an extremophile that is found in hot springs and thrives in acidic and sulphur-rich environments.

Some bacteria are harmful to a host organism (parasitic relationship) and some are helpful (mutualistic relationship) by helping the organisms survive. . Symbiotic Bacteria

Symbiotic bacteria are also responsible for the light, or bioluminescence, that is produced by some fishes, squids, octupuses, and other animals of the deep. Symbiotic Bacteria The squid's bioluminescent bacteria glow light blue, which the squid fine-tunes by adjusting the lobes of its light organ depending on how much moonlight or starlight there is. By balancing the luminescence of its V. fisheri with the celestial glow, the squid eliminates its shadow, allowing it to become invisible, at least from the point of view of its dinner.

Chemosynthetic bacteria are symbiotic with mussels, clams, and tubeworms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents have a very particular role manufacturing organic matter from CO2 , and the abundant hydrogen sulfide from the vents. Symbiotic Bacteria

The microbes we have just been talking about are all prokaryotic and therefore are simple cells that lack a nucleus. The ocean also has eukaryotic microbes (made of cells with a nucleus) that are both unicellular, single celled, and multicellular. Eukaryotic Microbes

Bacteria are the organisms responsible for converting nitrogen in the atmosphere into a usable form for plants and animals in the ocean to use. They also take the nitrogen wastes and convert it back into a gas to be re- released into the atmosphere. Nitrogen Fixation

Unicellular Algae (Protists) Algae are a very diverse group of simple, mostly aquatic, mostly photosynthetic eukaryotes. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, green, brown, or red organelles with layers of internal membranes that contain photosynthetic pigment. The color of the algae is a result of the pigment and it’s concentration. Unicellular Algae (Protists)

Multicellular Algae (Protists) Seaweed, though multicellular, are algae that are generally placed in the Kingdom Protista mostly because they lack the specialized tissues of plants. Multicellular Algae (Protists)

Diatom cells are enclosed by cell walls made largely of silica, a glasslike material. This glassy shell, or frustule, consists of two tightly fitting halves often resembling flat, round, or elongated box. Around half of the estimated 12,000 living species of diatoms are marine. Most are planktonic (moving with the current), but may produce a stalk-like structure for attachment to rocks and other surface in shallow water where they significantly contribute to primary production. Diatoms

Dinoflagellates are unicellular organisms that have two unequal flagella. Some are noted for their production of light, or bioluminescence . Zooxanthellae, a type of dinoflagellate, have a symbiotic relationship with reef building corals. They fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, release organic matter used by the coral, and help in the formation of the coral skeleton. Dinoflagellates

Protozoans are structurally simple and very diverse organisms that are traditionally considered to be animal like. Like animals, protozoans ingest food, are heterotrophs, and are eukaryotic. Protozoans

Forams, foraminiferans, are protozoans characterized by their shell usually made of calcium carbonate. The shells of bottom living forams can be important contributors of the calcaneous material on coral reefs and sandy beaches. Foraminiferans

Radiolarians are planktonic marine protozoans that secrete elaborate and delicate shells made of glass (silica) and other materials Radiolarians

Ciliates are protozoans that have many hair like cilia that are used in locomotion and feeding.

Fungi are eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophs that lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis.   Fungi

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNn3vVF2Dgs Mysterious Microbes