1 GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS IMPLICATION TOWARD URBAN SPACE IN INDONESIA Amiluhur Soeroso Researcher at PUSTRAL Gadjah Mada University Workshop Mapping Causal Complexity in Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Melbourne, Australia

2 Structure of Presentation Introduction Current condition of Indonesia Adaptation Plan Related to Urban Infrastructure Infrastructure Adaptation Strategy Closing Remarks

3 Introduction Indonesian geographical position  one of the most vulnerable nations towards climate change impact –cities more vulnerable to flood –rural areas will have fresh water shortages. –The warming mountain areas widen the habitat for disease vectors. –high sea level and tidal wave cause abrasion and threaten coastal settlements.

4 Current Condition in Indonesia (1) Spatial planning is aimed at sustainable development for environmental prosperity 70 percent of infrastructures development in Indonesia is centered in Java, Sumatera and Bali Islands Infrastructures dispersion is not well-arranged, that it caused spatial structuring failure The contribution of urban activities to Green House Effect (GHE) is about 60 percent Related to the context of climate change, this factor worsens the problems of fresh water provided for urban areas

5 Current Condition in Indonesia (2) Illegal logging in highland and thus have increased erosion, properties and settlements built in river banks areas causes stream area in critical condition 35 thousand hectares of primary and secondary forestland has conversed to plantation and settlements every year Mangrove forest in Indonesia only remains 50 percent or 3.5 million hectares. The increase of flood intensity caused by global warming is predicted to be nine times greater in the next decades

6 Current Condition in Indonesia (3) Increasing sea level and flood will threat many areas : –Airports – Polonia (Medan), Soekarno-Hatta (Jakarta), Juanda (Surabaya), Ngurah Rai (Denpasar), Hassanudin (Makassar) and Ahmad Yani (Semarang). –Harbours – Belawan (Medan), Tanjung Priok (Jakarta), Tanjung Mas (Semarang), Tanjung Perak (Surabaya), Pontianak and Makassar. –Road along of eastern Sumatera, northern Java (Jakarta- Surabaya) and central Sulawesi (Pare-pare-Bulukumba via Makassar). –Irrigation network at food area centre of northern Java, eastern Sumatera and southern Sulawesi.

7 Adaptation Plan Related to Urban Infrastructure Holistic (ecological) planning is required in adaptation plan (Keraf, 2002) –facts cannot be separated from values –the use of synergy systemic relation –in making policy, comprehensive consideration to the aspects of value, culture, economic benefit, etc. is taken into account The characteristics of holistic paradigm are (Howitt, 2001). –the balance proportion between the central and local authorities –multidimensional views –Cooperation –attention to varieties and integration –comprehensive development.

8 Conceptual Framework For Urban Infrastructure Adaptation

9 Infrastructure Adaptation Strategy (1)

10 Infrastructure Adaptation Strategy (2)

11 Infrastructure Adaptation Strategy (3)

12 Infrastructure Adaptation Strategy (4)

13 Closing Remarks (1) In changing the context of the future spatial planning in Indonesia, the growth measurement should be shifted to holistic development Sustainable economic development can be achieved when the balance in ecological functions is maintained Involve local community Appropriate spatial planning needs to be conducted by referring to Bali agenda road map

14 Closing Remarks (2) The adaptation efforts to climate change require: –international cooperation to support the actions –risk management and risk reduction strategy –diversification in the economic sector to build resilience. Challenges in the implementation of spatial governance: –the needs of improvement in all related sectors –the technical and methodological aspects –the capacity and interests of the stakeholders –the most crucial one, funding.

15 THANK YOU